List of current heads of state and government

This is a list of current heads of state and heads of government. In some cases, mainly in presidential systems, one leader is head of state and head of government. In other cases, mainly in semi-presidential and parliamentary systems, the head of state and the head of government are different people. In semi-presidential and parliamentary systems, the head of government (i.e. executive) role is fulfilled by the listed head of government and the head of state.

In one-party states, the ruling party's leader (e.g. the general secretary) is usually the de facto top leader of the state, though sometimes this leader also holds the presidency or premiership. In Afghanistan, Andorra, Iran, and Vatican City (Holy See), a clergy member also acts as the head of state. In Afghanistan, this is the supreme leader; in Andorra, this is the bishop of Urgell, Co-Prince of Andorra; in Iran, this is the supreme leader; and in Vatican City, this is the pope.

The list includes the names of recently elected or appointed heads of state and government who will take office on an appointed date, as presidents-elect and prime ministers–designate, and those leading a government-in-exile if internationally recognised.

Member and observer states of the United Nations

Colour key
  Green cells indicate leaders whose offices constitutionally administer the executive of their respective state/government.
  Blue cells indicate de facto executive leaders whose offices lack de jure constitutional power.
Note: Names in small font generally denote acting, interim, transitional, temporary leaders, or representatives. Other notes and exceptions are provided at § Notes.
State Head of state Head of government
Afghanistan Supreme Leader – Hibatullah Akhundzada Prime Minister – Hasan Akhund
Albania President – Bajram Begaj Prime Minister – Edi Rama
Algeria President – Abdelmadjid Tebboune Prime Minister – Sifi Ghrieb
Andorra Episcopal Co-Prince – Josep-Lluís Serrano Pentinat
Co-Prince's Representative – Eduard Ibáñez
French Co-Prince – Emmanuel Macron[I]
Co-Prince's Representative – Patrice Faure 		Prime Minister – Xavier Espot
Angola President – João Lourenço
Antigua and Barbuda King – Charles III[II]
Governor-General – Sir Rodney Williams 		Prime Minister – Gaston Browne
Argentina President – Javier Milei
Armenia President – Vahagn Khachaturyan Prime Minister – Nikol Pashinyan
Australia King – Charles III[II]
Governor-General – Sam Mostyn 		Prime Minister – Anthony Albanese
Austria President – Alexander Van der Bellen Chancellor – Christian Stocker
Azerbaijan President – Ilham Aliyev Prime Minister – Ali Asadov
Bahamas, The King – Charles III[II]
Governor-General – Dame Cynthia A. Pratt 		Prime Minister – Philip Davis
Bahrain King – Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Prime Minister – Prince Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa
Bangladesh President – Mohammed Shahabuddin Chief Adviser – Muhammad Yunus
Barbados President – Jeffrey Bostic Prime Minister – Mia Mottley
Belarus Chairman of the All-Belarusian People's Assembly – Alexander Lukashenko[1]
President – Alexander Lukashenko Prime Minister – Aleksandr Turchin
Belgium King – Philippe Prime Minister – Bart De Wever
Belize King – Charles III[II]
Governor-General – Dame Froyla Tzalam 		Prime Minister – Johnny Briceño
Benin President – Patrice Talon
Bhutan King – Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck Prime Minister – Tshering Tobgay
Bolivia President – Rodrigo Paz
Bosnia and Herzegovina High Representative – Christian Schmidt[III]
Presidency[IV] Chairwoman of the Council of Ministers – Borjana Krišto
Members:
  • Željko Komšić (Chairman)
  • Denis Bećirović
  • Željka Cvijanović
Botswana President – Duma Boko
Brazil President – Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Brunei Sultan – Hassanal Bolkiah Prime Minister – Hassanal Bolkiah
Bulgaria President – Rumen Radev Prime Minister – Vacant
Burkina Faso President of the Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration – Ibrahim Traoré
Interim President – Ibrahim Traoré Interim Prime Minister – Jean Emmanuel Ouédraogo
Burundi President – Évariste Ndayishimiye Prime Minister – Nestor Ntahontuye
Cambodia President of the People's Party – Hun Sen[2]
King – Norodom Sihamoni Prime Minister – Hun Manet
Cameroon President – Paul Biya[V] Prime Minister – Joseph Ngute
Canada King – Charles III[II]
Governor General – Mary Simon 		Prime Minister – Mark Carney
Cape Verde President – José Maria Neves Prime Minister – Ulisses Correia e Silva
Central African Republic President – Faustin-Archange Touadéra Prime Minister – Félix Moloua
Chad President – Mahamat Déby Prime Minister – Allamaye Halina
Chile President – Gabriel Boric
President-elect – José Antonio Kast
China General Secretary of the Communist Party – Xi Jinping
President – Xi Jinping Premier – Li Qiang
Colombia President – Gustavo Petro
Comoros President – Azali Assoumani
Congo, Democratic Republic of the President – Félix Tshisekedi Prime Minister – Judith Suminwa
Congo, Republic of the President – Denis Sassou Nguesso Prime Minister – Anatole Collinet Makosso
Costa Rica President – Rodrigo Chaves Robles
Croatia President – Zoran Milanović Prime Minister – Andrej Plenković
Cuba First Secretary of the Communist Party – Miguel Díaz-Canel
President – Miguel Díaz-Canel Prime Minister – Manuel Marrero Cruz
Cyprus President – Nikos Christodoulides
Czech Republic President – Petr Pavel Prime Minister – Andrej Babiš
Denmark King – Frederik X Prime Minister – Mette Frederiksen
Djibouti President – Ismaïl Omar Guelleh
Dominica President – Sylvanie Burton Prime Minister – Roosevelt Skerrit
Dominican Republic President – Luis Abinader
Ecuador President – Daniel Noboa
Egypt President – Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Prime Minister – Mostafa Madbouly
El Salvador President – Nayib Bukele
Equatorial Guinea President – Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Prime Minister – Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua
Eritrea President – Isaias Afwerki
Estonia President – Alar Karis Prime Minister – Kristen Michal
Eswatini Ngwenyama – Mswati III Prime Minister – Russell Dlamini
Ndlovukati – Ntfombi
Ethiopia President – Taye Atske Selassie Prime Minister – Abiy Ahmed
Fiji President – Ratu Naiqama Lalabalavu Prime Minister – Sitiveni Rabuka
Finland President – Alexander Stubb Prime Minister – Petteri Orpo
France President – Emmanuel Macron[I] Prime Minister[3] – Sébastien Lecornu
Gabon President – Brice Oligui Nguema
Gambia, The President – Adama Barrow
Georgia Honorary Chairman of Georgian Dream – Bidzina Ivanishvili[4]
President – Mikheil Kavelashvili Prime Minister – Irakli Kobakhidze
Germany President – Frank-Walter Steinmeier Chancellor – Friedrich Merz
Ghana President – John Mahama
Greece President – Konstantinos Tasoulas Prime Minister – Kyriakos Mitsotakis
Grenada King – Charles III[II]
Governor-General – Dame Cécile La Grenade 		Prime Minister – Dickon Mitchell
Guatemala President – Bernardo Arévalo
Guinea Chairman of the National Committee of Reconciliation and Development – Mamady Doumbouya
Interim President – Mamady Doumbouya Prime Minister – Bah Oury
Guinea-Bissau Leader of the High Military Command for the Restoration of National Security and Public Order – Horta Na Man
Transitional President – Horta Na Man Prime Minister – Ilídio Vieira Té
Guyana President – Irfaan Ali
Haiti President – Transitional Presidential Council[VI] Acting Prime Minister – Alix Didier Fils-Aimé[9]
Laurent Saint-Cyr (President)
Other members:
  • Edgard Leblanc Fils
  • Leslie Voltaire
  • Fritz Jean
  • Emmanuel Vertilaire
  • Smith Augustin
  • Louis Gérald Gilles
  • Frinel Joseph (observer)
  • Régine Abraham (observer)
Honduras President – Xiomara Castro
President-elect – Nasry Asfura
Hungary President – Tamás Sulyok Prime Minister – Viktor Orbán
Iceland President – Halla Tómasdóttir Prime Minister – Kristrún Frostadóttir
India President – Droupadi Murmu Prime Minister – Narendra Modi
Indonesia President – Prabowo Subianto
Iran Supreme Leader – Ali Khamenei[VII] President – Masoud Pezeshkian
Iraq President – Abdul Latif Rashid Prime Minister – Mohammed Shia' al-Sudani
Ireland President – Catherine Connolly Taoiseach – Micheál Martin
Israel President – Isaac Herzog Prime Minister – Benjamin Netanyahu
Italy President – Sergio Mattarella Prime Minister – Giorgia Meloni
Ivory Coast President – Alassane Ouattara Prime Minister – Robert Beugré Mambé
Jamaica King – Charles III[II]
Governor-General – Sir Patrick Allen 		Prime Minister – Andrew Holness
Japan Emperor – Naruhito[VIII] Prime Minister – Sanae Takaichi
Jordan King – Abdullah II Prime Minister – Jafar Hassan
Kazakhstan President – Kassym-Jomart Tokayev Prime Minister – Oljas Bektenov
Kenya President – William Ruto
Kiribati President – Taneti Maamau
Kuwait Emir – Sheikh Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah Prime Minister – Ahmad Al-Abdullah Al-Sabah
Kyrgyzstan President – Sadyr Japarov
Laos General Secretary of the People's Revolutionary Party – Thongloun Sisoulith
President – Thongloun Sisoulith Prime Minister – Sonexay Siphandone
Latvia President – Edgars Rinkēvičs Prime Minister – Evika Siliņa
Lebanon President – Joseph Aoun Prime Minister – Nawaf Salam
Lesotho King – Letsie III Prime Minister – Sam Matekane
Liberia President – Joseph Boakai
Libya Chairman of the Presidential Council – Mohamed al-Menfi Prime Minister – Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh
Liechtenstein Prince Regnant – Hans-Adam II Prime Minister – Brigitte Haas
Regent – Hereditary Prince Alois
Lithuania President – Gitanas Nausėda Prime Minister – Inga Ruginienė
Luxembourg Grand Duke – Guillaume V Prime Minister – Luc Frieden
Madagascar President – Michael Randrianirina Prime Minister – Herintsalama Rajaonarivelo
Malawi President – Peter Mutharika
Malaysia King – Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar Prime Minister – Anwar Ibrahim
Maldives President – Mohamed Muizzu
Mali President – Assimi Goïta
Malta President – Myriam Spiteri Debono Prime Minister – Robert Abela
Marshall Islands President – Hilda Heine
Mauritania President – Mohamed Ould Ghazouani Prime Minister – Mokhtar Ould Djay
Mauritius President – Dharam Gokhool Prime Minister – Navin Ramgoolam
Mexico President – Claudia Sheinbaum
Micronesia, Federated States of President – Wesley Simina
Moldova President – Maia Sandu Prime Minister – Alexandru Munteanu
Monaco Sovereign Prince – Albert II Minister of State – Christophe Mirmand
Mongolia President – Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh Prime Minister – Gombojavyn Zandanshatar
Montenegro President – Jakov Milatović Prime Minister – Milojko Spajić
Morocco King – Mohammed VI Prime Minister – Aziz Akhannouch
Mozambique President – Daniel Chapo
Myanmar Acting President – Vacant (Min Aung Hlaing serving Pro Tem On Duty) Prime Minister – Nyo Saw
Namibia President – Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah
Nauru President – David Adeang
  Nepal President – Ram Chandra Poudel Interim Prime Minister – Sushila Karki
Netherlands King – Willem-Alexander Prime Minister – Dick Schoof
New Zealand King – Charles III[II]
Governor-General – Dame Cindy Kiro[IX] 		Prime Minister – Christopher Luxon
Nicaragua Co-Presidents – Daniel Ortega and Rosario Murillo
Niger President of the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland – Abdourahamane Tchiani
Transitional President – Abdourahamane Tchiani[10] Prime Minister – Ali Lamine Zeine
Nigeria President – Bola Tinubu
North Korea General Secretary of the Workers' Party – Kim Jong Un
President of the State Affairs – Kim Jong Un Premier – Pak Thae-song
North Macedonia President – Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova Prime Minister – Hristijan Mickoski
Norway King – Harald V Prime Minister – Jonas Gahr Støre
Oman Sultan and Prime Minister – Haitham bin Tariq
Pakistan President – Asif Ali Zardari Prime Minister – Shehbaz Sharif
Palau President – Surangel Whipps Jr.
Palestine President – Mahmoud Abbas Prime Minister – Mohammad Mustafa
Panama President – José Raúl Mulino
Papua New Guinea King – Charles III[II]
Governor-General – Sir Bob Dadae 		Prime Minister – James Marape
Paraguay President – Santiago Peña
Peru President – José Jerí
Philippines President – Bongbong Marcos
Poland President – Karol Nawrocki Prime Minister – Donald Tusk
Portugal President – Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa Prime Minister – Luís Montenegro
Qatar Emir – Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani Prime Minister – Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman Al Thani
Romania President – Nicușor Dan Prime Minister – Ilie Bolojan
Russia President – Vladimir Putin Prime Minister – Mikhail Mishustin
Rwanda President – Paul Kagame Prime Minister – Justin Nsengiyumva
Saint Kitts and Nevis King – Charles III[II]
Governor-General – Dame Marcella Liburd 		Prime Minister – Terrance Drew
Saint Lucia King – Charles III[II]
Governor-General – Sir Errol Charles 		Prime Minister – Philip J. Pierre
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines King – Charles III[II]
Governor-General – Stanley John 		Prime Minister – Godwin Friday
Samoa O le Ao o le Malo – Afioga Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II Prime Minister – Laʻauli Leuatea Schmidt
San Marino Captain Regent – Matteo Rossi Secretary for Foreign and Political Affairs – Luca Beccari
Captain Regent – Lorenzo Bugli
São Tomé and Príncipe President – Carlos Vila Nova Prime Minister – Américo Ramos
Saudi Arabia King – Salman Prime Minister – Mohammed bin Salman
Senegal President – Bassirou Diomaye Faye Prime Minister – Ousmane Sonko
Serbia President – Aleksandar Vučić Prime Minister – Đuro Macut
Seychelles President – Patrick Herminie
Sierra Leone President – Julius Maada Bio
Singapore President – Tharman Shanmugaratnam Prime Minister – Lawrence Wong
Slovakia President – Peter Pellegrini Prime Minister – Robert Fico
Slovenia President – Nataša Pirc Musar Prime Minister – Robert Golob
Solomon Islands King – Charles III[II]
Governor-General – Sir David Tiva Kapu 		Prime Minister – Jeremiah Manele
Somalia President – Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Prime Minister – Hamza Abdi Barre
South Africa President – Cyril Ramaphosa
South Korea President – Lee Jae Myung
South Sudan President – Salva Kiir Mayardit
Spain King – Felipe VI Prime Minister – Pedro Sánchez
Sri Lanka President – Anura Kumara Dissanayake
Sudan Transitional Sovereignty Council[X] Prime Minister – Kamil Idris
Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (Chairman)
Other members:[14][15]
  • Malik Agar (Deputy Chairman)
  • Shams al-Din Kabbashi
  • Yasser al-Atta
  • Ibrahim Jabir Karim
  • El Tahrir Abubakr Hajar
  • Raja Nicola
  • Aboulgasim Mohamed Burtum
  • Yousef Jad Karim
  • Abdelbagi al-Zubeir
  • Salma Abdeljabbar
Suriname President – Jennifer Geerlings-Simons
Sweden King – Carl XVI Gustaf Prime Minister – Ulf Kristersson
 Switzerland Federal Council[XI]
Members:
  • Guy Parmelin (President)
  • Ignazio Cassis (Vice President)
  • Karin Keller-Sutter
  • Albert Rösti
  • Élisabeth Baume-Schneider
  • Beat Jans
  • Martin Pfister
Syria President – Ahmed al-Sharaa
Tajikistan President – Emomali Rahmon Prime Minister – Kokhir Rasulzoda
Tanzania President – Samia Suluhu Hassan
Thailand King – Maha Vajiralongkorn Prime Minister – Anutin Charnvirakul
Timor-Leste President – José Ramos-Horta Prime Minister – Xanana Gusmão
Togo President – Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové Prime Minister – Faure Gnassingbé
Tonga King – Tupou VI Prime Minister – Fatafehi Fakafānua
Trinidad and Tobago President – Christine Kangaloo Prime Minister – Kamla Persad-Bissessar
Tunisia President – Kaïs Saïed[V] Prime Minister – Sara Zaafarani
Turkey President – Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Turkmenistan Chairman of the People's Council – Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow[16]
President – Serdar Berdimuhamedow
Tuvalu King – Charles III[II]
Governor-General – Sir Tofiga Vaevalu Falani 		Prime Minister – Feleti Teo
Uganda President – Yoweri Museveni
Ukraine President – Volodymyr Zelenskyy Prime Minister – Yulia Svyrydenko
United Arab Emirates President – Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan Prime Minister – Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
United Kingdom King – Charles III[II] Prime Minister – Keir Starmer
United States President – Donald Trump
Uruguay President – Yamandú Orsi
Uzbekistan President – Shavkat Mirziyoyev Prime Minister – Abdulla Aripov
Vanuatu President – Nikenike Vurobaravu Prime Minister – Jotham Napat
Vatican City (Holy See) Pope – Leo XIV President of the Governorate – Sister Raffaella Petrini
Venezuela President – Nicolás Maduro
Acting President – Delcy Rodríguez
Vietnam General Secretary of the Communist Party – Tô Lâm
President – Lương Cường Prime Minister – Phạm Minh Chính
Yemen Chairman of the Presidential Leadership Council – Rashad al-Alimi Prime Minister – Salem Saleh bin Braik
Zambia President – Hakainde Hichilema
Zimbabwe President – Emmerson Mnangagwa

Other states

The following states are in free association with a UN member state.

State Associated with Head of state Head of government
Cook Islands New Zealand King – Charles III[XII]
King's Representative – Sir Tom Marsters 		Prime Minister – Mark Brown
Niue  New Zealand King – Charles III[XII]
King's Representative – Dame Cindy Kiro[IX] 		Prime Minister – Dalton Tagelagi

The following states control at least part of their territory and are recognised by at least one UN member state.

State Also claimed by Head of state Head of government
Abkhazia Georgia President – Badra Gunba
Republic of China (Taiwan) People's Republic of China President – Lai Ching-te Premier – Cho Jung-tai
Kosovo Serbia President – Vjosa Osmani Acting Prime Minister – Albin Kurti
Northern Cyprus Cyprus President – Tufan Erhürman Prime Minister – Ünal Üstel
Sahrawi Republic Morocco General Secretary of the Polisario Front – Brahim Ghali
President – Brahim Ghali Prime Minister – Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun
Somaliland Somalia President – Abdirahman Mohamed Abdullahi
South Ossetia  Georgia President – Alan Gagloyev Prime Minister – Konstantin Dzhussoyev

The following state controls its territory, but is not recognised by any UN member states.

State Also claimed by Head of state Head of government
Transnistria Moldova President – Vadim Krasnoselsky Prime Minister – Aleksander Rozenberg

Alternative governments

This alternative government controls part of its territory and is recognised as legitimate by at least one UN member state.

Government State Head of state Head of government
Houthi-controlled Yemen
(Supreme Revolutionary Committee and
Supreme Political Council) 		Yemen Leader of the Houthis – Abdul-Malik al-Houthi[17]
Chairman – Mahdi al-Mashat Acting Prime Minister – Muhammad Ahmed Miftah[18]

These alternative governments control part of their territory, but are not recognized as legitimate by any UN member states.

Government State Head of state Head of government
Government of National Stability Libya Supreme Commander of the Libyan National Army – Khalifa Haftar
Chairman of the Presidential Council – Mohamed al-Menfi[XIII] Acting Prime Minister – Osama Hammad[19]
 National Unity Government Myanmar Acting President – Duwa Lashi La Prime Minister – Mahn Winn Khaing Thann
Hamas government in Gaza Palestine Leader of Hamas in Gaza – Izz al-Din al-Haddad
President – Mahmoud Abbas[XIV] Head of Government – Community Support Committee
Government of Peace and Unity Sudan Chairman of the Presidential Council – Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo Prime Minister – Mohammed Hassan al-Ta'ishi

This alternative government does not control its territory but is recognized as legitimate by at least one UN member state.

Government State Head of state Head of government
 Coordination Council Belarus President and Head of the Cabinet – Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya

Sui generis entities

Entity Head of entity Head of government
European Union President of the European Council – António Costa President of the European Commission – Ursula von der Leyen[20] 
Sovereign Military Order of Malta Prince and Grand Master – John T. Dunlap Grand Chancellor – Riccardo Paternò di Montecupo

See also

  • List of countries by system of government
  • List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office
  • List of current monarchs of sovereign states
  • List of current vice presidents and designated acting presidents
  • List of current interior ministers
  • List of current foreign ministers
  • List of current finance ministers
  • List of current defence ministers
  • List of current legislatures
  • List of current presidents of legislatures
  • List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government
  • Colonial governors by century
  • List of longest-living state leaders
  • List of oldest living state leaders
  • List of national governments
  • Lists of state leaders
  • President of the Republic
  • List of heads of the executive by approval rating

Notes

  1. ^ a b The President of France and the French Co-Prince of Andorra are positions held by the same person.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Charles III is separately and equally monarch of 15 sovereign states known collectively as the Commonwealth realms. In each of these states (with the exception of the United Kingdom, where he resides), he is represented at the national level by a governor-general.
  3. ^ The high representative is an international civilian overseer of the Dayton Agreement with authority to dismiss elected and non-elected officials and enact legislation.
  4. ^ The three-member Bosnian presidency is the head of state collectively.
  5. ^ a b While the position of Prime minister formally exists as head of government, it is not a very powerful position and the president serves as de facto head of government.
  6. ^ The council will exercise certain presidential powers until a new president is elected or until 7 February 2026, whichever comes first. The presidency has been vacant since the assassination of Jovenel Moïse in 2021.[5][6][7][8]
  7. ^ According to articles 89 to 91 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Supreme Leader of Iran is the head of state, and the President is the head of government. The President is required to gain the Supreme Leader's official approval before being sworn in before Parliament, and the Supreme Leader also has the power to dismiss the elected President at any time.
  8. ^ The constitution of Japan does not define a formal head of state, but the Emperor by unwritten constitutional convention fulfills the functions and duties of this role.
  9. ^ a b The Governor-General of New Zealand and the King's Representative of Niue are positions held by the same person.
  10. ^ The Transitional Sovereignty Council is the collective head of state of Sudan per the 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration. While the council was intended to be a unity government incorporating civilian and military elements that used consensus decision making, Chairman Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, who is also Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces, has monopolized power.[11][12][13]
  11. ^ The seven-member Swiss Federal Council is collectively head of state and government. As a party to the Council, the President serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
  12. ^ a b Charles III is head of state of the Cook Islands and Niue in his capacity as King in Right of New Zealand. He is represented in each of these states by a King's Representative.
  13. ^ Al-Menfi is also considered head of state by the internationally-recognized Government of National Unity. Hamada is disputing the premiership of Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh, with the backing of the House of Representatives and the Libyan National Army.
  14. ^ Internationally-recognized president also recognized by Hamas since the Third Hamdallah Government

References

  1. ^ Rudenka, Arsien (16 April 2024). "У Беларусі фармуецца УНС. Топ-7 простых пытанняў пра новы дзяржаўны орган" [The ABPA is being formed in Belarus: Top 7 simple questions about the new state organ]. Belsat TV (in Belarusian). Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  2. ^ Cai, Derek; Head, Jonathan (7 August 2023). "Cambodia: PM's son Hun Manet appointed next ruler in royal formality". Singapore: BBC News. Retrieved 7 August 2023. Hun Sen will however retain leadership of the ruling Cambodian People's Party - a position political analysts say still gives him ultimate control. • Murphy, Matt (6 August 2023). "Hun Sen: Cambodia election result confirms expected win for PM". BBC News. Retrieved 7 August 2023. [Hun Sen] is expected to become president of the Senate early next year and will serve as acting head of state when King Norodom Sihamoni is abroad.
  3. ^ "Les cohabitations". vie-publique.fr (in French). 7 July 2018. Dans ce cadre [cohabitation], le caractère dyarchique (à deux têtes) de l'exécutif apparaît pleinement, puisque le chef de l'État, élu au suffrage universel direct, perd sa fonction de direction de l'exécutif au profit du Premier ministre, responsable devant l'Assemblée nationale.
  4. ^ Sauer, Pjotr; Walker, Shaun (16 May 2024). "Bidzina Ivanishvili: Georgia's billionaire 'puppet master' betting the house on Moscow". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 February 2025.
  5. ^ "Haiti's Constitution of 1987 with Amendments through 2012" (PDF). Constitute Project. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  6. ^ Fatton, Robert (23 July 2021). "Will Haitians get the chance to determine their future — without foreign interference?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 May 2023. On Tuesday, Henry was sworn in, pledging to hold new elections in 120 days. For now, Haiti has no president[...].
  7. ^ Sullivan, Becky (18 January 2023). "As its only remaining elected officials depart, Haiti reaches a breaking point". NPR. Retrieved 20 May 2023. The constitutional mandate of Haiti's de facto ruler, Prime Minister Ariel Henry — which some viewed as questionable from the start, as he was never technically sworn in — ended more than a year ago. The country has had no president since its last one, Jovenel Moïse, was assassinated in 2021.
  8. ^ Mendonca, Duarte (25 April 2024). "Haiti's prime minister resigns as council sworn in to lead political transition in violence-ravaged nation". CNN. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  9. ^ Robles, Frances (10 November 2024). "Haitian Prime Minister Is Fired, Adding to the Nation's Turmoil". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
  10. ^ Mamane, Dalatou (26 March 2025). "Niger's junta leader cements his grip on power as he is sworn in as president". Associated Press. Niamey. Retrieved 27 March 2025.
  11. ^ "Sudan's Constitution of 2019" (PDF). Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  12. ^ "Sudan's reinstated PM Hamdok promises a path to democracy". Al Jazeera. 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2023. The 14-point deal between Hamdok and the military, signed in the presidential palace in Khartoum on Sunday, also provides for the release of all political prisoners detained during the coup and stipulates that a 2019 constitutional declaration be the basis for a political transition, according to details read out on state television.
  13. ^ Olewe, Dickens (20 February 2023). "Mohamed 'Hemeti' Dagalo: Top Sudan military figure says coup was a mistake". BBC News. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  14. ^ "Sudan coup leader restores restructured Sovereignty Council". Radio Dabanga. Khartoum. 11 November 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
  15. ^ "Sudan's Burhan dismisses Hemedti of his position". Al Bawaba. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  16. ^ "Turkmenistan's president expands his father's power". Associated Press. Ashgabat. 22 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  17. ^ Nasser, Afrah (18 December 2022). "'Republic of fear': A return to Yemen after 11 years". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
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