List of religions and spiritual traditions

Further information: Major religious groups, Religious denomination, and History of religion
Religious symbols in clock-wise form from top: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Baháʼí Faith, Hinduism, Taoism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Slavic neopaganism, Celtic polytheism, Heathenism (Germanic paganism), Semitic neopaganism, Wicca, Kemetism (Egyptian paganism), Hellenism (Greek paganism), Italo-Roman neopaganism.

While the word religion is difficult to define and understand, one standard model of religion that is used in religious studies courses defines it as

[a] system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic.[1]

Many religions have their own narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws, or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature. According to some estimates, there are roughly 4,200 religions, churches, denominations, religious bodies, faith groups, tribes, cultures, movements, or ultimate concerns.[2]

The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with the words "faith" or "belief system", but religion differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect. Most religions have organized behaviours, including clerical hierarchies, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, congregations of laity, regular meetings or services for the purposes of veneration of a deity or for prayer, holy places (either natural or architectural) or religious texts. Certain religions also have a sacred language often used in liturgical services. The practice of a religion may also include sermons, commemoration of the activities of a God or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, rituals, liturgies, ceremonies, worship, initiations, funerals, marriages, meditation, invocation, mediumship, music, art, dance, public service, or other aspects of human culture. Religious beliefs have also been used to explain parapsychological phenomena such as out-of-body experiences, near-death experiences, and reincarnation, along with many other paranormal and supernatural experiences.[3][4]

Some academics studying the subject have divided religions into three broad categories: world religions, a term which refers to transcultural, international faiths; Indigenous religions, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and new religious movements, which refers to recently developed faiths.[5] One modern academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings,[6] and thus believes that religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures that are not based upon such systems, or in which these systems are a substantially simpler construct.

Eastern religions

Eastern religions are the religions which originated in East, South and Southeast Asia encompassing a diverse range of eastern and spiritual traditions.[7]

East Asian religions

World religions that originated in East Asia, also known as Taoic religions; namely Taoism and Confucianism and religions and traditions descended from them.

Chinese philosophy schools

  • Taojia ("School of the Tao")
  • Fajia ('School of Law")
    • Zonghengjia ("School of Diplomacy")
  • Mojia ("School of Mo")
    • Mingjia ("School of Names")
  • Nongjia ("School of Agrarianism")
  • Rujia ("School of Scholars")
  • Yangism
  • Yinyangjia ("School of Yin Yang")
  • Zajia ("School of Syncretism")

Confucianism

Main article: Confucianism
  • Confucian ritual religion
  • Current Texts Confucianism
  • Donglin movement
  • Han Learning
  • Korean Confucianism
    • Donghak
    • Silhak
  • Lingnan Confucianism
  • Neo-Confucianism
    • Cheng-Zhu school
    • Edo Neo-Confucianism
    • Tongcheng school
    • Yangmingism
  • New Confucianism
    • Confucian church
      • Indonesian Confucianism
      • Confucian Academy
    • Progressive Confucianism
  • New Text
    • Changzhou school
    • Gongyang school
      • Holy Confucian Church
  • Old Text
  • Tianzuism
  • Taigu school

Taoism

Main article: Taoism
  • Dokyo
  • Korean Taoism
  • Kunlun
  • New Taoism
  • Qigong
    • Zhong Gong
  • Quanzhen School ("School of the Fulfilled Virtue")
  • Shangqing School ("School of the Highest Clarity")
  • Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
    • Way of the Celestial Masters
      • Northern Celestial Masters
      • Zhengyi Dao ("Way of the Right Oneness")

Syncretic Taoism

  • Dragon Gate Taoism
    • Wuliupai ("School of Wu-Liu")
  • Huang–Lao
  • Kōshin
  • Xuanxue ("Neo-Taoism")
  • Yao Taoism ("Meishanism")

Indian religions

Main article: Indian religions

The four world religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent, also known as Dharmic religions; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and Buddhism and religions and traditions descended from them.

Buddhism

Main article: Buddhism
  • Pre-sectarian Buddhism (theorized)
    • Mahayana
      • Chinese Buddhism
        • Tiantai
          • Tendai
          • Cheontae
        • Huayan school
          • Baiyunzong (syncretic)
          • Daśabhūmikā
        • Chan Buddhism
          • Seon Buddhism
            • Jogye Order
              • Kwan Um School
            • Taego Order
          • Thiền Buddhism
            • Tiep Hien Order
            • Trúc Lâm (syncretic)
          • Zen Buddhism
            • Japanese Zen
            • Caodong school
              • Sōtō
                • Keizan line
                • Jakuen line
                • Giin line
            • Linji school
              • Otokan line
                • Rinzai
              • Ōbaku
              • Fuke-shū
            • Sanbo Kyodan
      • Madhyamaka
        • Sanlun
        • Prasaṅgika
        • Svatantrika
      • Nichiren Buddhism
        • Fuju-fuse
        • Honmon Butsuryū-shū
        • Kempon Hokke
        • Nichirenism
        • Nichiren Shōshū
        • Nichiren Shū
      • Pure Land Buddhism
        • Jōdo Shinshū
          • Honganji-ha
          • Ōtani-ha
            • Ohigashi
          • Yuzu Nembutsu
          • Seizan
        • Jōdo-shū
          • Chinzei
      • Yogācāra
        • East Asian Yogācāra
    • Nikaya Buddhism (also called "Hinayana")
      • Theravada
        • Sangharaj Nikaya
        • Mahasthabir Nikaya
        • Dwara Nikaya
        • Shwegyin Nikaya
        • Thudhamma Nikaya
        • Amarapura–Rāmañña Nikāya
          • Galduwa Forest Tradition
        • Siam Nikaya
        • Sri Lankan Forest Tradition
        • Dhammayuttika Nikaya
          • Thai Forest Tradition
        • Maha Nikaya (Thailand)
          • Dhammakaya Movement
      • Vipassana movement (United States)
    • Vajrayana
      • Azhaliism
      • Bongthingism
      • Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
      • Newar Buddhism
      • Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism
      • Shingon Buddhism
        • Tachikawa-ryū
      • Southern Esoteric Buddhism
      • Tibetan Buddhism
        • Bon (syncretic)
        • Gelug
          • Yellow Shamanism (syncretic)
        • Kagyu
          • Dagpo Kagyu
            • Karma Kagyu
            • Drukpa Kagyu
          • Shangpa Kagyu
        • Nyingma
        • Sakya
        • Jonang
        • Bodongpa
  • Navayana

Dharmic philosophy schools

Main article: Hindu philosophy
  • Āstika (Orthodox schools)
    • Nyaya
    • Mimamsa
    • Samkhya
    • Vaisheshika
    • Vedanta
      • Advaita Vedanta
      • Akshar-Purushottam Darshan
      • Bhedabheda
        • Achintya Bheda Abheda
        • Dvaitadvaita
      • Dvaita Vedanta
      • Pratyabhijna
      • Shaiva Siddhanta
      • Shiva Advaita
      • Shuddhadvaita
      • Vishishtadvaita
    • Yoga (philosophy)
  • Nāstika (Heterodox schools)

Hinduism

Main article: Hinduism
  • Ganapatya
  • Halumatha
  • Sant Mat
    • Dadupanth
    • Kabir panth
    • Ravidassia religion
    • Sadh
  • Satya Mahima Dharma
  • Shaivism[9]
    • Aghori
    • Kapalika
    • Kashmir Shaivism
    • Kaumaram
    • Nath
      • Adinath Sampradaya
      • Inchegeri Sampradaya
    • Pashupata Shaivism
    • Shaiva Siddhanta
    • Veerashaivism
      • Lingayatism
  • Shaktism[9]
    • Caribbean Shaktism
    • Srikula
  • Smartism
  • Śrauta
  • Tantra
    • Kaula
      • Newar Hinduism
  • Vaishnavism/Krishnaism[9][10]
    • Balmikism
    • Bhagavata tradition
    • Brahma Sampradaya
      • Madhva tradition
      • Gaudiya Vaishnavism
        • Manipuri Vaishnavism
      • Haridasa
    • Ekasarana Dharma
    • Kapadi Sampradaya
    • Mahanubhava
    • Nimbarka Sampradaya
    • Pranami/Pranami Sampraday
    • Radha Vallabh Sampradaya
    • Ramsnehi Sampradaya
    • Rudra Sampradaya
      • Pushtimarg
    • Sri Vaishnavism
      • Ramanandi Sampradaya
      • Thenkalais
        • Manavala Mamunigal Sabha
    • Vaishnava-Sahajiya
    • Warkari
  • Zunism (disputedly Hindu)

Syncretic Hinduism

  • Banjara Hinduism
  • Bengali folk religion
    • Baul
    • Kartabhaja
    • Matuaism
  • Bhil Hinduism
  • Folk Hinduism
  • Dyaoism
  • Indonesian Hinduism
    • Balinese Hinduism
    • Javanese Hinduism
      • Tenggerese Hinduism
    • Kaharingan
    • Naurus
      • Nuaulu religion

Jainism

Main article: Jainism
  • Digambara
    • Kanji Panth[11]
    • Taran Panth
  • Śvētāmbara
    • Murtipujaka
    • Sthānakavāsī
  • Yapaniya (Historical)

Sikhism

Main article: Sikhism

Sects such as the Nirankari, Ramraiya and Namdhari are not accepted within the Sikh Rehat Maryada (Sikh Code of Conduct) as they believe in a current human guru.

  • Tat Khalsa
  • Udasi
  • Nanakpanthi
  • Nirankari
  • Nirmala
  • Sewapanthi
  • Nihang
  • Taksali
  • Mina
  • Ramraiya
  • Namdhari
  • Akhand Kirtani
  • 3HO
  • Sanatan Sikh

Yoga

Main article: Yoga
  • Ananda Yoga
  • Bhakti yoga
  • Hatha yoga
    • Bihar School of Yoga
  • Integral Yoga
  • Jivamukti Yoga
  • Jnana yoga
  • Karma yoga
  • Kripalu Yoga
  • Kriya Yoga
  • Kundalini yoga
  • Raja yoga
  • Sahaja Yoga
  • Siddha Yoga
  • Sivananda yoga
  • Surat Shabd Yoga
  • Tantric Yoga

Abrahamic religions

Main article: Abrahamic religions
See also: Western religions, Classical Theism, and Monotheism

Christianity

Main article: Christianity
Early Christianity
Main article: Early christianity
  • Arianism
  • Jewish Christianity
    • Pauline Christianity
      • Proto-orthodox Christianity
        • Great Church
          • Nicene Christianity
            • Chalcedonian Christianity
              • Neo-Chalcedonism
  • Johannine Community
  • Proto-Gnosticism
  • Marcionism
Eastern Christianity
Main article: Eastern Christianity
Western Christianity

Syncretic

  • Cult of El Tío
  • Cult of María Lionza
  • Polish folk beliefs
  • Cult of Santa Muerte
  • Esoteric Christianity
    • Christian Theosophy
    • Christopaganism
    • Martinism
  • Folk Christianity
    • Folk Catholicism
    • Folk Orthodoxy
  • God Worshipping Society (Historical)
  • Judaizers (Judeo-Christian)
  • Rizalista
  • Samaritan Christians
  • Spiritual Baptist

Other

  • American Civil Religion
  • Christian Universalism
  • Nondenominational Christianity
  • Nontrinitarianism

Islam

Main article: Islam
See also: Islamic schools and branches, Ilm al-Kalam, Ahl al-Hadith, and Islamism
Khawarij
  • Azraqi (Historical)
  • Haruriyyah (Historical)
  • Ibadi
  • Najdat (Historical)
  • Sufri (Historical)
Shia Islam
Main article: Shia Islam
  • Alevism
    • Alians
    • Bektashism
    • Kurdish Alevism
  • Alawites (Nusayris)
  • Isma'ilism
    • Mustaali
      • Dawoodi Bohra
        • Alavi Bohra
        • Atba-i-Malak
          • Atba-i-Malak Badar
          • Atba-i-Malak Vakil
        • Hebtiahs Bohra
        • Progressive Dawoodi Bohra
      • Sulaymani
    • Nizari
  • Twelver
    • Ja'fari jurisprudence
      • Akhbari
      • Shaykhism
      • Usuli
  • Zaidiyyah
    • Jarudiyah
    • Batriyya
Sufism
Main articles: Sufism and Islamic Mysticism
  • Bektashi Order
  • Chishti Order
  • Kubrawiya
    • Khufiyya
  • Mevlevi Order
  • Mouride
  • Naqshbandi
    • Jahriyya
  • Ni'matullāhī
  • Qadiriyya
  • Roshani
  • Shadhili
  • Suhrawardiyya
  • Sufi Order International
  • Tijaniyyah
  • Universal Sufism
Sunni Islam
Main article: Sunni Islam
  • Kalam
    • Ash'ari
      • Maliki
      • Shafi'i
    • Maturidi
      • Hanafi
        • Barelvi
        • Deobandi
        • Gedimu
  • Athari
    • Hanbali
  • Salafi
    • Islamic Modernism

Syncretic

  • Abangan
  • Ali-Illahism
  • Din-i Ilahi
  • Kafirism
  • Pagal Panthis
  • Persian mysticism
  • Satpanth
    • Barmati Panth
  • Wetu Telu

Other

  • Ahmadiyya
  • Avicennism
  • Chinese Islam
  • European Islam
  • Illuminationism
  • Jadid
  • Liberal movements within Islam
  • Mahdavia
  • Mahdist movement
  • Muʿtazila
  • Quranism
  • Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi
    • Messiah Foundation International
  • Transcendent Theosophy
  • Zikrism

Judaism

Main articles: Judaism and Jewish religious movements

Historical Judaism

  • Biblists
  • Essenes
    • Bana'im
    • Hemerobaptists (possible ancestor of Mandaeism)
    • Maghāriya
    • Nasoraeans (ancestor of Mandaeism)
  • Hellenistic Judaism
    • God fearers
  • Houses of Hillel and Shammai
  • Hypsistarianism
  • Magarites
  • Messianic sects
    • Ebionites
    • Elcesaites
  • Nazirite
  • Okbarites
  • Pharisees (ancestor of Rabbinic Judaism)
  • Sabbateans
    • Frankism
  • Sadducees (possible ancestor of Karaite Judaism)
    • Boethusians
  • Second Temple Judaism
  • Synagogal Judaism
  • Therapeutae
  • Yudghanites
  • Zealots (Judea)
    • Sicarii
Kabbalah
Main articles: Kabbalah and Jewish mysticism

Non-Rabbinic Judaism

Rabbinic Judaism

Other Abrahamic

Iranian religions

Manichaeism

Main article: Manichaeism
  • Athinganoi (Historical)
  • Chinese Manichaeism

Yazdânism

  • Ishikism
  • Shabakism
  • Yarsanism
  • Yazidism

Zoroastrianism

Main article: Zoroastrianism
  • Behafaridians (Historical)
  • Gayomarthians
  • Ilm-e-Khshnoom
  • Khurramites (Historical)
  • Mazdakism (Historical)
    • Mazdaznan
  • Sepasian (Historical)
    • Azarkeivanian
  • Ustadh Sis (Historical)
  • Zurvanism
    • Blagovery

Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions

See also: List of ethnic religions, Natural religion, Earth religion, Fetishism, and Paganism

Religions that consist of the traditional customs and beliefs of particular ethnic groups, refined and expanded upon for thousands of years, and often lacking formal doctrine. Some adherents do not consider their ways "religion", preferring other cultural terms. Many indigenous religions incorporate forms of animism, totemism, and shamanism alongside nature, ancestor, and animal worship.

African

Main article: Religion in Africa
See also: Ubuntu philosophy

Traditional African

  • ǃKung religion
  • Abwoi religion
  • Acholi religion
  • Afizere traditional religion
  • Akan religion
    • Asante religion
  • Azande traditional religion
    • Azande witchcraft
  • Bafia religion
  • Baka traditional religion
  • Bantu religion
    • Abagusii religion
    • Akamba traditional religion
    • AmaMpondomise traditional religion
    • Badimo
    • Balondo religion
    • Baluba religion
    • Bamileke religion
    • Bamum traditional religion
    • Banyole traditional beliefs
    • Bubi spirituality
    • Bushongo religion
    • Bwiti
    • Chokwe spiritual beliefs
    • Duala traditional religion
    • Embu beliefs
    • Fipa religion
    • Furiiru traditional religion
    • Giriama traditional religion
    • Herero traditional faith
    • Himba religion
    • Kikuyu traditional religion
    • Kongo religion
    • Kwe faith
    • Luhya religion
    • Luvale religion
    • Makua traditional religion
    • Mbole religion
    • Nyakyusa religion
    • Nyau
    • Oro Religion
    • Ovambo traditional religion
    • Pedi traditional religion
    • Songye religion
    • Suku religion
    • Swazi traditional religion
    • Tonga religion
    • Tsonga traditional religion
    • Vanruvairuwa
    • Xhosa traditional religion
    • Zulu traditional religion
  • Baoule traditional religion
  • Bari traditional religion
  • Bassa traditional religion
  • Biri traditional religion
  • Bobo religion
  • Bori
  • Bwa religion
  • Chamba traditional religion
  • Dahomean religion
  • Damara religion
  • Dan religion
  • Dinka religion
  • Dogon religion
  • Ebira traditional religion
  • Edo traditional religion
  • Efik religion
  • Esan traditional religion
  • Fali traditional religion
  • Frafra beliefs
  • Gbagyi traditional religion
  • Ghanaian witchcraft
  • Hadza religion
  • Hyel
  • Idoma traditional religion
  • Ijaw traditional religion
  • Inam
  • Jola traditional religion
  • Khoekhoen religion
  • Kissi traditional religion
  • Kono traditional religion
  • Koore religion
  • Krahn religion
  • Kuku traditional beliefs
  • Lobi animism
  • Maasai religion
  • Madi traditional religion
  • Manjak religion
  • Moba ethnic religion
  • Mursi animism
  • Nso religion
  • Nuer religion
  • Nyongo Society
    • Bakossi beliefs
  • Odinala / Odinani
  • Oropom religion
  • Otuho religion
  • Safwa religion
  • Samburu religion
  • San religion
    • N'um
  • Serer religion
  • Sidama religion
  • Surma religion
  • Tammari traditional religion
  • Temne traditional religion
  • Traditional Berber religion
  • Turkana traditional religion
  • Urhobo traditional religion
  • Vodun
  • Waaqeffanna
  • Yoruba religion
    • Ifá
  • Indigenous religion in Zimbabwe
    • Shona traditional religion

Diasporic African

  • Abakuá
  • Arará
  • Batuque
  • Birongo
  • Candomblé
    • Candomblé Bantu
    • Candomblé Jejé
    • Candomblé Ketu
  • Comfa
  • Convince
  • Cuban Vodú
  • Dominican Vudú
  • Encantaria
  • Espiritismo
  • Haitian Vodou
  • Hoodoo
  • Jarê
  • Kélé
  • Kumina
  • Louisiana Voodoo
  • Montamentu
  • Myal
  • Obeah
  • Palo
  • Quimbanda
  • Rada
  • Sanctity of Jaguaripe
  • Santería
    • Afro-Chinese Santeria
  • Tambor de Mina
  • Trinidad Orisha
  • Umbanda
  • Winti
    • Saramaka religion

Altaic

  • Altaic shamanism
    • Burkhanism
  • Dukha shamanism
  • Evenki shamanism
  • Nanai shamanism
  • Manchu shamanism
  • Mongolian shamanism
    • Black shamanism
    • Tengrism
      • Aiyy
      • Tengir Ordo
      • Vattisen Yaly
  • Oroqen shamanism
  • Shor shamanism
  • Soyot shamanism
  • Ulch shamanism
  • Yakut shamanism

American

  • Ache religion
  • Akawaio religion
  • Alaska Native religions
    • Alaskan shamanism
    • Inuit religion
    • Tanana shamanism
    • Yupik shamanism
      • Yuit shamanism
      • Sirenik shamanism
  • Andoque religion
  • Anishinaabe beliefs
    • Ojibwe religion
    • Midewiwin
    • Wabunowin
  • Apache religion
  • Arhuaco spirituality
  • Atacama religion
  • Blackfoot religion
  • Bororo totemism
  • Caddo religion
  • Achomawi religion
  • Acjachemen religion
  • Kuksu
    • Cahto religion
    • Esselen beliefs
    • Pomo religion
  • Mohave religion
  • Wiyot religion
  • Calusa religion
  • Cherokee beliefs
    • Four Mothers Society
    • Keetoowah Society
  • Croatan beliefs
  • Crow religion
  • Garifuna spirituality
  • Guarayos beliefs
  • Guayupe religion
  • Gwich'in beliefs
  • Huaorani religion
  • Hupda cosmgony
  • Inca religion
  • Illinois religion
  • Jivaroan religion
    • Achuar religion
    • Aguaruna religion
    • Shuar shamanism
  • Karankawa religion
  • Kayabi religion
  • Kalapalo beliefs
  • Kalinago religion
  • Kichwa religion
  • Kogi religion
  • Kuikoro religion
  • Lokono religion
  • Maleku beliefs
  • Mandan religion
  • Mapuche religion
  • Marajoara religion
  • Matses beliefs
  • Mesoamerican religion
    • Aztec religion
    • Classical Veracruz religion
    • Cora religion
    • Huichol religion
    • Maya religion
      • Chuj religion
      • Cult of The Talking Cross
      • Huastec religion
      • Lacandon religion
      • Mazatec religion
        • Mazatec shamanism
      • Maximon
      • Mopan religion
      • Pech religion
      • Q'eqchi' religion
      • Tzeltal religion
      • Tzotzil religion
      • Tzʼutujil religion
    • Mixe religion
    • Nagualism
    • Olmec religion
    • Purépecha religion
    • Teotihuacan religion
    • Tepehuan beliefs
    • Tlapanec religion
    • Totonac religion
    • Zapotec religion
  • Mi'kmaq religion
  • Mohawk religion
  • Muisca religion
  • Muzo religion
  • Navajo beliefs
  • Omaha religion
  • Osage spirituality
  • Parakanã shamanism
  • Pech religion
  • Pemon religion
  • Penobscot spirituality
  • Pericues religion
  • Piaroa religion
  • Powhatan religion
  • Pueblo religion
    • Acoma Pueblo religion
    • Ancestral Pueblo religion (Basketmaker III) (Pueblo II) (Pueblo III) (Pueblo IV)
  • Puruhá religion
  • Q'ero beliefs
  • Rikbaktsa beliefs
  • Seminole religion
  • Seri religion
  • Sioux religion
    • Lakota religion
      • Wocekiye
  • Southeastern Ceremonial Complex (religion of the Mississippian culture)
    • Earth Cult
  • Sukianism
  • Taensa religion
  • Taino religion
  • Tairona religion
  • Tapirape shamanism
  • Tehuelche religion
  • Ticuna shamanism
  • Toba religion
  • Tlingit religion
  • Wai-Wai religion
  • Wapishana religion
  • Warao religion
  • Washat Dreamers Religion
  • Wayuu religion
  • Wyandot religion
  • Yaqui religion
  • Yaruro religion

Austroasiatic

  • Asur religion
  • Birhor traditional religion
  • Bru religion
  • Vietnamese folk religion
    • Cá Ông worship
    • Đạo Mẫu
      • Four Palaces
    • Thánh Trần worship
  • Ka Niam Khasi
  • Mon religion
  • Muong ethnic religion
  • Nicobarese traditional religion
  • Nocte religion
  • Ka Niamtre
  • Paoch animism
  • Sari Dharam
  • Sarnaism
  • Senoi ethnic religion
  • Sora traditional beliefs
  • Tampuan animism
  • Ta Oi animism
  • Wancho religion

Austronesian

  • Amis native religion
  • Aliran Kepercayaan
    • Adat Pu'un
    • Aluk
    • Batak Parmalim
    • Dayak religion
      • Kaharingan
    • Jingi Tiu
    • Kejawèn
    • Kapitayan
      • Kangeanese religion
    • Karo Pemena
    • Kendayan religion
    • Marapu
    • Rejang religion
    • Rotenese religion
    • Saminism Movement
    • Sangirese religion
    • Sumbawa religion
    • Sundanese Wiwitan
    • Wai Apu religion
  • Carolinian religion
  • Chamorro religion
  • Chuukese religion
  • Dayawism
    • Batak folk religion
    • Bicolano religion
    • Blaan folk religion
    • Capiznon folk religion
    • Cuyunon folk religion
    • Gaddang folk religion
    • Ifugao folk religion
    • Ilocano folk religion
    • Itneg folk religion
    • Kalinga folk religion
    • Kankanaey folk religion
    • Karay-a folk religion
    • Mangyan folk religion
    • Palawan folk religion
    • Pangasinan folk religion
    • Philippino Witchcraft
    • Sama Bajau folk religion
    • Sambal folk religion
    • Subanon folk religion
    • Tagalog religion
    • Tagbanwa folk religion
    • Pulahan
    • Tboli folk religion
    • Teduray folk religion
    • Visayan folk religion
  • Hawaiian religion
  • Jarai religion
  • Kanakanavu native religion
  • Malaysian folk religion
    • Datuk Keramat
    • Jakun religion
    • Pengarap Iban
    • Melanau religion
    • Momolianism
    • Murut religion
    • Orang Kanaq religion
    • Orang Seletar religion
    • Semai religion
    • Semaq Beri religion
    • Temuan religion
    • Māori religion
  • Nauruan indigenous religion
  • Paiwan shamanism
  • Sakizaya native religion
  • Taivoan animism
  • Tala-ē-fonua
  • Tao native religion

Caucasian

  • Khabzeism
  • Vainakh religion

Dravidian

  • Khond traditional religion
  • Kota religion
  • Koyapunem
  • Sauria Paharia religion
  • Toda religion

Indo-European

  • European shamanism
    • Benandanti
  • Kalashism
  • Nagpuria religion
  • Punjabi folk religion
  • Tharu religion

Koreanic and Japonic

  • Koshintō (Historical)
    • Matagi spirituality
    • Shinto
      • Shinbutsu-shugo
        • Ebisu Cult
        • Gion cult
        • Fujiko
        • Rokugō Manzan
        • Sect Shinto
          • Fukko
            • Taikyō
            • Izumo-taishakyo
          • Jingukyo
          • Juka
            • Suika
            • Taiseikyō
          • Konkōkyō
          • Ontake-kyō
          • Oomoto
          • Kurozumikyō
          • Shugendō
        • Shrine Shinto
          • Association of Shinto Shrines
          • Kokugaku
            • State Shinto
  • Muism
    • Gasin faith
  • Ryukyuan religion

Melanesian and Aboriginal

Negrito

  • Aeta religion
  • Ati animism
  • Onge native religion
  • Semang animism
  • Vedda original religion

Paleosiberian

  • Ainu religion
  • Koryak religion
  • Itelmen religion
  • Nivkh traditional religion
  • Yukaghir shamanism

Sino-Tibetan

  • Banrawat religion
  • Bathouism
  • Benzhuism
  • Biate animism
  • Bimoism
  • Bon
    • Dongba
    • Hangui
  • Burmese folk religion
    • Lisu religion
  • Chang Naga animism
  • Chutia religion
  • Chinese folk religion
    • Ancestor Worship
    • Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia
    • Faism
    • Mazu worship
    • Northeast China folk religion
    • Queen Mother worship
    • Shangdiism
    • Shendao
    • Taiwanese folk beliefs
    • Wang Ye worship
    • Wuism
      • Jurchen/Qing shamanism
      • Ming shamanism
    • Xínghaode
  • Daba
  • Dingba
  • Donyi-Polo
  • Songsarek
  • Gurung shamanism
  • Hani religion
  • Hnam Sakhua
  • Jingpo religion
  • Kan Khwan
  • Karbi religions
  • Karen animism
  • Kiratism
    • Yumaism
  • Krama
  • Maring beliefs
  • Miji animism
  • Mizo religion
  • Mro religion
  • Nuo folk religion
  • Nyezi-No
  • Qiang folk religion
  • Reang religion
  • Sanamahism
  • Tangsa Naga animism
    • Rangfrah
  • Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak
  • Toto nature religion
  • Zahv

Tai and Miao

  • Hlai animism
  • Kev Dab Kev Qhuas
  • Kam religion
  • Maonan traditional religion
  • Mo
  • Pa Then religion
  • Qabiao religion
  • Satsana Phi
    • Ahom religion
    • Giay animism
    • Lamet religion
    • Nung religion
    • Saek religion
  • Sui religion
  • Then

Other

  • Beduin shamanism
  • Burusho shamanism
  • Mari Native Religion

New religious movements

Main article: New religious movement

Religions that cannot be classed as either world religions or traditional folk religions, and are usually recent in their inception. Non-cargo cults are generally excluded from this list, see list of cults for groups considered cults.[12]

Cargo cults

  • John Frum
  • Johnson cult
  • Pomio Kivung
  • Prince Philip Movement
  • Vailala Madness

Entheogenic religions

  • Church of the Universe
  • Healing Church in Rhode Island
  • Neo-American Church
  • Santo Daime
  • Temple of the True Inner Light
  • Tensegrity
  • THC Ministry
  • União do Vegetal

Modern paganism

Main articles: Modern paganism, Polytheism, and Paganism

Ethnic neopaganism

  • Baltic neopaganism
    • Dievturība
    • Romuva
  • Caucasian neopaganism
    • Abkhaz neopaganism
    • Assianism
  • Celtic neopaganism
    • Celtic reconstructionist paganism
    • Druidry
      • Ár nDraíocht Féin
      • Order of Bards, Ovates, and Druids
      • Reformed Druids of North America
  • Church of the Guanche People
  • Heathenry (a.k.a. Germanic neopaganism)
  • Hellenism
  • Heraka
  • Hetanism
  • Italo-Roman neopaganism
    • Pietas Comunità Gentile
    • Nova Roma
    • Roman Traditional Movement
  • Kemetism
    • Kemetic Orthodoxy
  • Semitic neopaganism
  • Rodnovery (a.k.a. Slavic neopaganism)
    • Native Polish Church
    • Peterburgian Vedism
    • Rodzima Wiara
    • Rodnover Confederation
    • Sylenkoism
    • Union of Slavic Native Belief Communities
    • Ynglism
  • Uralic neopaganism
    • Estonian neopaganism
    • Suomenusko
    • Hungarian neopaganism
    • Mastorava
    • Udmurt Vos
  • Zalmoxianism
  • Zuism

Syncretic neopaganism

  • Adonism
  • Brauchau
  • Christopaganism
    • Christian Wicca
  • Church of All Worlds
  • Cochrane's Craft
  • Huna
  • Gaianism
  • Ivanovism
  • Krama
  • Nature religion
  • Neoshamanism
    • Urban shamanism
  • Radical Faeries
  • Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism
  • Stregheria
  • Summum
  • Technopaganism
  • Temple of Priapus
  • Wicca
    • British Traditional Wicca
      • Alexandrian Wicca
      • Blue Star Wicca
      • Central Valley Wicca
      • Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca
      • Gardnerian Wicca
    • Celtic Wicca
    • Faery Wicca
    • Feri Tradition
    • Georgian Wicca
    • Odyssean Wicca
    • Seax-Wica
    • Universal Eclectic Wicca
    • Wiccan Churches

Goddess religions

  • Church of Aphrodite
  • Feraferia
  • Goddess Wicca
    • Covenant of the Goddess
    • Dianic Wicca
      • Faerie faith
  • Reclaiming

New Age Movement

Main article: New Age
  • Association for Research and Enlightenment
  • Church Universal and Triumphant
  • Mayanism
  • Michael Teachings
  • Rainbow Family
  • The Infinite Way

New ethnic religions

Black

  • African Zionism
  • Ausar Auset Society
  • Black Muslims
    • American Society of Muslims
  • Dini Ya Msambwa
  • Five-Percent Nation
  • Godianism
  • Hauka
  • Igbe religion
  • Moorish Science Temple of America
    • Moorish Orthodox Church of America
  • Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God
  • Mumboism
  • Mungiki
  • Nation of Islam
    • United Nation of Islam
  • Nuwaubian Nation
Black Hebrew Israelites
Main article: Black Hebrew Israelites
  • African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem
  • Church of God and Saints of Christ
  • Commandment Keepersent
  • Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ
  • Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge
  • Nation of Yahweh
  • One West Camp
Rastafari
Main article: Rastafari
  • Bobo Ashanti
  • Nyabinghi
  • Twelve Tribes of Israel

Native American

  • Ghost Dance
  • Indian Shaker Church
  • Longhouse Religion
  • Mexicayotl
  • Native American Church
    • Big Moon Peyotism
  • Wasshat religion

White

See also: White supremacy and Religious aspects of Nazism
  • Creativity
  • Fascist Occultism
    • Ariosophy
    • Esoteric Nazism
    • Evolaism
    • Fascist mysticism
    • Nazi Occultism
    • Statolatry
  • Israelism
    • British Israelism
    • Christian Identity
    • French Israelism
    • Nordic Israelism
  • Order of Nine Angles
  • Völkisch movement
    • German Faith Movement
    • Wotansvolk

New Thought

Main article: New Thought
  • Church of Divine Science
  • Church of the Truth
  • Home of Truth
  • Jewish Science
  • Psychiana
  • Religious Science
  • Scientology
    • Independent Scientology
  • Seicho-no-Ie
  • Unity Church
  • Universal Foundation for Better Living

Nonsectarian Theism

Main articles: Deism and Theism
  • Deism
    • Cult of the Supreme Being
    • Enlightenment Deism
    • Gottgläubig
    • Moralistic therapeutic deism
    • Spinozism
    • Theophilanthropy
  • Egotheism
  • Henotheism
  • Kathenotheism
  • Liberal theism
  • Neo-revelationism
  • Philosophical theism
  • Theistic naturalism

Nontheism and Atheism

Main articles: Nontheism, Nontheistic religion, and Atheism
  • Adevism
  • Agnosticism
    • Agnostic atheism
    • Agnostic theism
    • Christian agnosticism
    • God-Building
  • Apatheism
    • Practical atheism
  • Christian atheism
    • Nontheist Quakers
  • Cult of Reason
  • Cultural Christians
  • Cultural Hindus
  • Cultural Muslims
  • Ecospirituality
    • Biosophy
    • Religious naturalism
    • Spiritual ecology
    • Spiritual naturalism
  • Freethought
    • North Texas Church of Freethought
  • Humanism
  • Hylotheism
  • Ietsism
  • Ignosticism
  • Implicit and explicit atheism
  • Irreligion
  • Jewish atheism
  • Negative and positive atheism
  • Nirīśvaravāda
  • Non-theistic Satanism
    • Our Lady of Endor Coven
    • LaVeyan Satanism
    • The Satanic Temple
  • Monism
    • Dialectical monism
    • Indefinite monism
  • Moral Re-Armament
  • Pandeism
    • Christian pandeism
  • Panentheism
    • Process theology
  • Pantheism
    • Classical pantheism
    • Cosmotheism
    • Naturalistic pantheism
  • Post-theism
  • Rational mysticism
  • Religion of Humanity
    • Church of Humanity
  • Secularism
    • Jewish secularism
    • Secular Buddhism
    • Secular paganism
    • Secular religion
    • Secular spirituality
    • Secular theology
  • Statolatry
  • Syntheism
  • Theopanism
  • Theothanatology
  • Transhumanism
    • Cosmism
    • Terasem
    • Theta Noir
  • Transtheism

Parody religions and fiction-based religions

  • The All-Joking, All-Drunken Synod of Fools and Jesters
  • Bokononism
  • The Cause
  • Church of Euthanasia
  • Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster (a.k.a. "Pastafarianism")
  • Church of the SubGenius
  • The Cult of Kek
  • Dinkoism
  • Discordianism
  • Dudeism
  • Earthseed
  • Eventualism
  • First Church of the Last Laugh
  • Iglesia Maradoniana
  • Intelligent falling
  • Invisible Pink Unicorn
  • Jediism
  • Kibology
  • Kopimism
  • Landover Baptist Church
  • Last Thursdayism
  • Matrixism
  • The Nine Divines
  • 'Pataphysics
  • Russell's teapot
  • Silinism
  • Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence
  • Tarvuism
  • Trekism
  • United Church of Bacon

UFO religions

  • Aetherius Society
  • Ashtar Galactic Command
  • Chen Tao ("True Way")
  • Fiat Lux
  • Ground Crew Project
  • Heaven's Gate
  • Industrial Church of the New World Comforter
  • Mark-Age
  • Nuwaubian Nation
  • Raëlism
  • Rational Culture
  • The Seekers
  • Unarius Academy of Science
  • Universe people
  • Vale do Amanhecer

Western esotericism

  • Anthroposophy
  • Biotronics
  • Builders of the Adytum
  • Chaos magic
    • Illuminates of Thanateros
    • Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth
  • Cthulhu Mythos cults[13]
  • Emin
  • Enochian magic
  • Eubiose
  • Goetia
  • Fourth Way
  • Fraternity of the Inner Light
  • Hermeticism
  • Illuminism
  • Luciferianism
    • Fraternitas Saturni
    • Neo-Luciferian Church
  • New Acropolis
  • Occultism
  • Postmodern religion
  • Renaissance magic
  • Rosicrucian
    • Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis
    • Lectorium Rosicrucianum
    • Rosicrucian Fellowship
  • Satanism
    • Theistic Satanism
      • Joy of Satan
      • Temple of the Black Light
      • Temple of Set
  • Spiritualism
    • Agasha Temple of Wisdom
    • Faithism
  • Temple of the Vampire
  • Thelema
  • Theosophy
    • Muckers
    • Neo-Theosophy
      • Angi Yoga
        • Roerichism

World religion-derived new religions

Abrahamic-derived

  • Antoinism
  • Archeosophical Society
  • Beili Wang
  • Branch Davidians
  • Chapel of Russia's Resurrection
  • Chrislam
  • Christian Science
  • Creation Spirituality
  • Daheshism
  • Eastern Lightning
  • Faizrakhmanist
  • The Family International
  • Gafatar
  • Grail Movement
  • Holy Spirit of Blood and Water Church
  • Koreshanity
  • Lalpa Kohran Thar
  • Last Testamentism
  • Mama Tata
  • Mentuhui
  • Modekngei
  • Noahidism
  • Pai Marire
  • Pilgrims of Ares
  • Rātana
  • Ringatu
  • Soldiers of Heaven
  • Spiritism
  • Unification Church
    • Unification Church of the United States
  • Urantia movement
  • World Elijah Evangelical Mission
  • World Mission Society Church of God
  • Zhushenjiao

Chinese salvationist religions

  • Baguadao ("Way of the Eight Trigrams")
  • Dejiao ("Teaching of Virtue")
  • Huangjidao ("Way of the Imperial Pole")
  • Huangtiandao ("Way of the Yellow Sky")
  • Huazhaidao ("Way of Flowers and Fasting")
  • Jiugongdao ("Way of the Nine Palaces")
  • Luandao ("Phoenix Way")
  • Luoism ("Way of Luo")
    • Chinese religions of fasting
      • Xiantiandao ("Way of Former Heaven")
        • Guiyidao ("Way of the Return to the One")
        • Shengdao ("Holy Way")
        • Yaochidao ("Way of the Mother of Pearl Lake")
        • Yiguandao ("Persistent Way")
          • Haizidao
        • Yixin Tiandao ("Heart-bound Heavenly Way")
    • Dacheng
    • Hongyangism
  • Maitreyanism
  • Sanban Puren Pai
  • Sanyiism
  • Shanrendao ("Way of the Virtuous Man")
  • Taigu school
  • Tiandihui
  • Tiandiism
  • Tianguangdao ("Way of the Heavenly Light")
  • Tianxian Miaodao ("Way of the Temple of the Heavenly Immortals")
  • Weixinism
  • White Lotus
  • Xuanyuandao ("Way of Xuanyuan")
  • Yellow Sand Society
  • Zailiism ("Way of the Abiding Principle)
  • Zhongyongdao ("Way of the Golden Mean")

Hindu reform movements

  • Adidam
  • Adi Dharm
    • Brahmoism
      • Brahmo Samaj
        • Sadharan Brahmo Samaj
  • Ananda
  • Ananda Ashrama
  • Ananda Marga[14]
  • Arya Samaj[15]
  • Ayyavazhi
  • Chinmaya Mission
  • Hare Krishna[16]
  • Mahanam Sampraday
  • Mahima Dharma
  • Oneness Movement
  • Rajneesh movement
  • Satsang
  • Shirdi Sai Baba movement
  • Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres
  • Sri Aurobindo Ashram
  • Sri Ramana Ashram
    • Neo-Advaita
  • Swaminarayan Sampradaya
    • Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha
    • Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi
      • International Swaminarayan Satsang Mandal
      • Swaminarayan Gurukul
    • Nar Narayan Dev Gadi
      • International Swaminarayan Satsang Organisation
      • Narnarayan Dev Yuvak Mandal
    • Swaminarayan Gadi (Maninagar)
    • Swaminarayan Mandir Vasna Sanstha
  • Transcendental Meditation

Muist-derived

  • Cheondoism
    • Jeungsanism
      • Bocheonism
      • Daesun Jinrihoe
      • Jeung San Do
    • Suwunism
  • Daejongism
  • Victory Altar

Neo-Buddhism

  • Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
    • Hòa Hảo
    • Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa
  • Diamond Way Buddhism
  • Falun Gong
  • Guanyin Famen
  • Humanistic Buddhism
  • Navayana
  • New Kadampa Tradition[17]
  • Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga
  • PL Kyodan
  • Reiyūkai
    • Risshō Kōsei Kai
  • Rimé movement
  • Shambhala Buddhism
  • Shinnyo-en
  • Soka Gakkai
  • Triratna Buddhist Community
  • True Buddha School
  • Won Buddhism

Perennial and interfaith

  • Anandamayee Sangha
  • Bell religion
  • Brahma Kumaris
  • Caodaism
  • Coconut religion
  • Đạo Dừa
  • Living Interfaith
  • Meivazhi
  • Moorish Orthodox Church of America
  • Omnism
  • Open-source religion
  • Satya Dharma
  • Sathya Sai Baba movement
  • Share International
  • Subud

Shinshukyo

  • Aum Shinrikyo
  • Church of World Messianity
  • Dōkai
  • Gedatsukai
  • Happy Science
  • Higashikuni-kyo
  • Ijun
  • Kenshōkai
  • Kokuchukai
  • Mahikari
    • Sukyo Mahikari
    • World Divine Light (Sekai Mahikari Bunmei Kyōdan)
  • Myōdōkai Kyōdan
  • Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga
  • Shinreikyo
    • Shōroku Shintō Yamatoyama
    • Shumei
  • Shingaku
  • Shinmeiaishinkai
  • Shōshinkai
  • Tenrikyo
    • Tenrin-Ō Meisei Kyōdan
    • Honmichi
      • Honbushin
      • Sekai Shindokyo
    • Daehan Cheolligyo
  • Tenshō Kōtai Jingūkyō
  • Zenrinkyo

Sikh-derived

  • Contemporary Sant Mat movements
    • Advait Mat
    • Radha Soami
      • Radha Soami Satsang Beas
      • Radha Soami Satsang Dayagbal
      • Radha Swami Satsang, Dinod
      • Ruhani Satsang
      • Manavta Mandir
      • Science of Spirituality (a.k.a. Sawan Kirpal Ruhani Mission)
    • Radha Soami-influenced[18]
      • Ancient Teachings of the Masters
      • Dera Sacha Sauda
      • Eckankar
      • Elan Vital (formerly Divine Light Mission)
      • Movement of Spiritual Inner Awareness
    • Ravidassia

Historical religions

Prehistoric religion

  • Cucuteni–Trypillia religion
  • Funnelbeaker religion
  • Linear Pottery religion
  • Paleolithic religion
    • Urreligion (theorized)
      • Urmonotheismus (theorized)
  • Varna religion

Bronze Age

  • Amorite religion
  • Ancient Egyptian religion
  • Ancient Mesopotamian religion
  • Ancient Semitic religion
    • Ancient Canaanite religion
      • Midianite religion
      • Yahwism
  • Harappan religion
  • Hattian religion
  • Hittite religion
  • Hurrian religion
  • Kassite religion
  • Luwian religion
  • Minoan religion
  • Mycenaean religion
  • Nordic Bronze Age religion
  • Palà religion
  • Prehistoric Chinese religions
    • Hemudu religion
    • Hongshan religion
    • Liangzhu religion
    • Longshan religion
    • Shang religion
      • Shang ancestor worship
      • Zhou religion
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian religion
    • Mahabadism
    • Mazdaism
  • Proto-Uralic religion
  • Urnfield religion

Classical antiquity

Post-classical period

  • Arioi
  • Baltic Finnic paganism
    • Finnish paganism
  • Batak religion
  • Bulgar religion
  • Caucasian Albanian paganism
  • Chimor religion
  • Guanche religion
  • Hungarian shamanism
  • Hunnic religion
  • Khitan religion
  • Jamaican Maroon religion
  • Lima religion
  • Moche religion
  • Sámi shamanism
  • Slavic paganism
  • Tiwanaku religion
  • Tocharian religion
  • Vainakh religion
  • Wari religion

Other categorisations

By demographics

Main article: Religious demographics
  • Major religious groups

By area

  • Religion in Africa
  • Religion in Asia
  • Religion in Oceania
  • Religion in Europe
  • Religion in North America
  • Religion in South America
  • Religions by country
    • List of state-established religions
    • Buddhism by country
      • Buddhism in the United States
    • Christianity by country
      • Roman Catholicism by country
      • Eastern Orthodoxy by country
      • Oriental Orthodoxy by country
      • Protestantism by country
    • Hinduism by country
    • Islam by country
      • Ahmadiyya by country
    • Judaism by country, Jewish population by country
    • Sikhism by country

See also

References

  1. ^ (Clifford Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System, 1973)
  2. ^ "World Religions Religion Statistics Geography Church Statistics". Archived from the original on April 22, 1999. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  3. ^ "About - the Parapsychological Association".
  4. ^ "Key Facts about Near-Death Experiences". Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  5. ^ Harvey, Graham (2000). Indigenous Religions: A Companion. (Ed: Graham Harvey). London and New York: Cassell. Page 06.
  6. ^ Vergote, Antoine, Religion, belief and unbelief: a psychological study, Leuven University Press, 1997, p. 89
  7. ^ Coogan, Michael David; Narayanan, Vasudha (2005). Eastern Religions: Origins, Beliefs, Practices, Holy Texts, Sacred Places. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195221907.
  8. ^ Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli. Vol. 1-2. Indian Philosophy (1923) Vol. 1, 738 p. (1927) Vol. 2, 807 p. Oxford University Press.
  9. ^ a b c Tattwananda, Swami (1984). Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship (1st rev. ed.). Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd.
  10. ^ Dandekar, R. N. (1987). "Vaiṣṇavism: An Overview". In Eliade, Mircea (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 14. New York: MacMillan.
  11. ^ "Welcome to Jainworld – Jain Sects – tirthankaras, jina, sadhus, sadhvis, 24 tirthankaras, digambara sect, svetambar sect, Shraman Dharma, Nirgranth Dharma". Jainworld.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
  12. ^ Clarke 2006.
  13. ^ Engle, John (2014). "Cults of Lovecraft: The Impact of H.P. Lovecraft's Fiction on Contemporary Occult Practices". Mythlore. 1 (125): 85–98. JSTOR 26815942.
  14. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1001.
  15. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1004.
  16. ^ Melton 2003, p. 997.
  17. ^ Melton 2003, p. 1112.
  18. ^ Clarke 2006, pp. 507–509, Radhasoami movements.
  19. ^ Kepping, K. (2003). The black-headed and the red-faced in Tangut indigenous texts. Studia Orientalia Electronica, 95, 275-298. https://journal.fi/store/article/view/41668/10752

Sources

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