1250

1250 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1250
MCCL
Ab urbe condita2003
Armenian calendar699
ԹՎ ՈՂԹ
Assyrian calendar6000
Balinese saka calendar1171–1172
Bengali calendar656–657
Berber calendar2200
English Regnal year34 Hen. 3 – 35 Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar1794
Burmese calendar612
Byzantine calendar6758–6759
Chinese calendar己酉年 (Earth Rooster)
3947 or 3740
    — to —
庚戌年 (Metal Dog)
3948 or 3741
Coptic calendar966–967
Discordian calendar2416
Ethiopian calendar1242–1243
Hebrew calendar5010–5011
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1306–1307
 - Shaka Samvat1171–1172
 - Kali Yuga4350–4351
Holocene calendar11250
Igbo calendar250–251
Iranian calendar628–629
Islamic calendar647–648
Japanese calendarKenchō 2
(建長２年)
Javanese calendar1159–1160
Julian calendar1250
MCCL
Korean calendar3583
Minguo calendar662 before ROC
民前662年
Nanakshahi calendar−218
Thai solar calendar1792–1793
Tibetan calendarས་མོ་བྱ་ལོ་
(female Earth-Bird)
1376 or 995 or 223
    — to —
ལྕགས་ཕོ་ཁྱི་ལོ་
(male Iron-Dog)
1377 or 996 or 224

Year 1250 (MCCL) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

World

  • The world population is estimated at between 400 and 416 million individuals.
  • World climate transitions from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age.[1]

Europe

  • February 2 – King Erik Eriksson of Sweden dies. The ten-year-old Valdemar, the eldest son of Birger Jarl, is elected King of Sweden, and becomes the first king from the House of Bjälbo.
  • October 12 – A great storm shifts the mouth of the River Rother in England 12 miles (20 km) to the west; a battering series of strong storms significantly alters other coastal geography around Romney Marsh.
  • December 13 – Emperor Frederick II dies, beginning the 23-year-long "Great Interregnum". Frederick is the last Holy Roman Emperor of the Hohenstaufen dynasty; after the interregnum, the empire passes to the Habsburgs.
  • The Lombard League dissolves upon the death of its member states' nemesis, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.
  • Albertus Magnus isolates the element arsenic, as the 8th discovered metal. He also first uses the word "oriole" to describe a type of bird (most likely the golden oriole).
  • The Rialto Bridge in Venice (in modern-day Italy) is converted from a pontoon bridge to a permanent, raised wooden structure.
  • The Ponts Couverts fortified bridges of Strasbourg (in modern-day France) are completed.
  • Vincent of Beauvais completes his proto-encyclopedic work Speculum Maius ("Greater mirror").
  • The first of the Parlements of Ancien Régime France is established.
  • Villard de Honnecourt draws the first known image of a sawmill.
  • The first usage is made of the English word "cuckold", according to the Oxford English Dictionary.
  • Medieval music: The Notre Dame school of polyphony ends.

Asia

  • July 9 – The Qaymariyya tribe engineers a coup d'état to hand over Damascus to An-Nasir Yusuf. The garrison in the citadel surrenders later to him.[2]
  • A kurultai is called by Batu Khan in Siberia as part of maneuverings which will elect Möngke Khan as khan of the Mongol Empire in 1251.
  • Starting in this year and ending in 1275, the Muslim Shougeng Pu, likely a Persian or an Arab, serves as the Commissioner of Merchant Shipping for the Song dynasty Chinese seaport at Quanzhou, due to his effort in defeating pirates.[3]

Africa

  • April 8 – Battle of Fariskur: Louis IX (the Saint) is captured by Baibars' Mamluk army while he is in Egypt conducting the Seventh Crusade; he later has to ransom himself.
  • April 30 – King Louis IX (the Saint) is released by his Egyptian captors after paying a ransom of one million dinars and turning over the city of Damietta.
  • May 2 – Al-Muazzam Turanshah, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt, is murdered, ending effective Ayyubid Dynasty rule in the country. He is briefly succeeded by his widow, Sultana Shajar al-Durr.[4]
  • July 21 – Aybak becomes ruler of Egypt, beginning the Bahri Dynasty of the Mamluk Sultanate. After 5 days he stands down and the six-year-old Al-Ashraf Musa is nominally proclaimed sultan.[4]
  • The Welayta state is founded in modern-day Ethiopia.
  • In Tunis, a popular rebellion against newly arrived, wealthy and influential Andalusian refugees breaks out, and is violently put down.[5]
  • The Hafsid caliph al-Mustansir enforces laws of ghiyar, or differentiation for non-Muslims. As such, Jews have to wear a distinguishing badge (shikla) which Tunisian Jews will have to wear into the nineteenth century.[6][7]

Oceania

  • Samoa frees itself from Tongan rule, which begins the Malietoa dynasty in Samoa (approximate date).

By topic

Markets

  • The Flemish town of Douai emits the first recorded redeemable annuities in medieval Europe, confirming a trend of consolidation of local public debt started in 1218, in Rheims.[8]
  • The Sienese bankers belonging to the firm known as the Gran Tavola, under the steering of the Bonsignori Brothers, become the main financiers of the Papacy.[9]

Births

  • April 8 – John Tristan, son of Louis IX (d. 1270)
  • December – al-Allama al-Hilli, Persian Shia theologian (d. 1325)
  • December 25 – John IV Doukas Laskaris, emperor of Nicaea (d. 1305)
  • Agnes of Baden, German noblewoman (d. 1295)
  • Albertus de Chiavari, Italian Master General (d. 1300)
  • Beatrice of Savoy, Swiss noblewoman (d. 1292)
  • Dmitry of Pereslavl, Kievan Grand Prince (d. 1294)
  • Esclaramunda of Foix, queen consort of Majorca (d. 1315)
  • Jeanne de Montfort de Chambéon, Swiss noblewoman (d. 1300)
  • Margaret of Burgundy, queen of Sicily (d. 1308)
  • Matteo I Visconti, Italian imperial vicar (d. 1322)
  • Nijō Tameyo, Japanese official and poet (d. 1338)
  • Niklot I, German nobleman and knight (d. 1323)
  • Robert II, French nobleman and knight (d. 1302)
  • Sancho of Aragon, Spanish archbishop (d. 1275)
  • approximate date
  • Adolf II of Waldeck, prince-bishop of Liège (d. 1302)
  • Albert II, Duke of Saxony, German nobleman (d. 1298)
  • Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel, German nobleman and knight (d. 1300)
  • 1250 or 1259 – Asher ben Jehiel, German Jewish rabbi (d. 1327)
  • Diether of Nassau, archbishop of Trier (d. 1307)
  • Fra Dolcino, Italian priest and reformist (d. 1307)
  • Grigorije II of Ras, Serbian monk-scribe (d. 1321)
  • 1250–1259 – Guido Cavalcanti, Italian poet and writer (d. 1300)
  • Konrad II of Masovia, Polish nobleman (d. 1294)
  • Mordechai ben Hillel, German scholar (d. 1298)
  • Rhys ap Maredudd, Welsh nobleman (d. 1292)
  • Theodoric of Freiberg, German physicist (d. 1311)
  • Záviš of Falkenstein, Bohemian nobleman (d. 1290)

Deaths

  • February 2 – Erik Eriksson, king of Sweden (b. 1216)
  • February 6 – Geoffrey VI, French nobleman and knight
  • February 8
    • Andrew III, French nobleman and knight (b. 1200)
    • Fakhr ad-Din, Egyptian ruler and military leader
    • Robert I (the Good), French nobleman (b. 1216)
    • William Longespée (the Younger), English knight
  • February 11 – Jean de Ronay, French Grand Master
  • March 29 – Ludolph of Ratzeburg, German bishop
  • April 6
    • Guillaume de Sonnac, French Grand Master
    • Hugh XI of Lusignan, French nobleman (b. 1221)
  • May 2 – Al-Muazzam Turanshah, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt[4]
  • May 21 – Humbert V, French nobleman and knight (b. 1198)
  • May 26 – Peter I (Mauclerc), French nobleman (b. 1187)
  • May 27 – Raniero Capocci, Italian priest and cardinal
  • June 7 – Vitslav I, Danish nobleman and knight (b. 1180)
  • June 11 – Alice of Schaerbeek, Flemish Cistercian lay sister (b. c. 1220)
  • June 18 – Theresa of Portugal, queen of León (b. 1176)
  • August 10 – Eric IV (Ploughpenny), king of Denmark
  • October 4 – Herman VI, German nobleman and knight
  • October 12 – Richard Wendene, English bishop (b. 1219)
  • December 13 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1194)[10]
  • Yang Miaozhen, Chinese female military leader (b. 1193)
  • approximate date
  • Gilbertus Anglicus, English physician and writer (b. 1180)
  • Julian of Speyer, German Franciscan composer and poet
  • Fibonacci (Leonardo Bonacci), Pisan mathematician and writer (b. c. 1170)
  • Romée de Villeneuve, French nobleman and seneschal
  • Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi, Persian biographer
  • Walter of Serviliano, Italian Benedictine hermit and abbot

References

  1. ^ Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel; Bray, Barbara (1971). Times of Feast, Times of Famine: a History of Climate Since the Year 1000. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. ISBN 0-374-52122-0. OCLC 164590.
  2. ^ Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260, pp. 305–307. State University of New York Press.
  3. ^ According to a monograph on the maritime economy of the Song dynasty written by Jitsuzo Kuwabara (桑原騭藏, 1870–1931).
  4. ^ a b c Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780873952637.
  5. ^ de Epalza, Miguel (1999). Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror. Brill. p. 106. ISBN 90-04-11244-8.
  6. ^ Stillman, Norman (June 8, 2022). Arab Dress, A Short History: From the Dawn of Islam to Modern Times. BRILL. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-90-04-49162-5. Retrieved October 3, 2024.
  7. ^ Joffé, George (November 20, 2023). Routledge Handbook on the Modern Maghrib. Taylor & Francis. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-429-99964-2. Retrieved October 3, 2024.
  8. ^ Zuijderduijn, Jaco (2009). Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550). Leiden/Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17565-5.
  9. ^ Catoni, Giuliano. "Bonsignori". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  10. ^ "Frederick II | Biography, Accomplishments, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.