13th century

Eastern Hemisphere in 1200 AD
Mongol Emperor Genghis Khan whose conquests created the largest contiguous empire in history

The 13th century was the century which lasted from January 1, 1201 (represented by the Roman numerals MCCI) through December 31, 1300 (MCCC) in accordance with the Julian calendar.

The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan, which stretched from Eastern Asia to Eastern Europe. The conquests of Hulagu Khan and other Mongol invasions changed the course of the Muslim world, most notably the Siege of Baghdad (1258) and the destruction of the House of Wisdom. Other Muslim powers such as the Mali Empire and Delhi Sultanate conquered large parts of West Africa and the Indian subcontinent, while Buddhism witnessed a decline through the conquest led by Bakhtiyar Khilji. The earliest Islamic states in Southeast Asia formed during this century, most notably Samudera Pasai.[1] The Kingdoms of Sukhothai and Hanthawaddy would emerge and go on to dominate their surrounding territories.[2]

Europe entered the apex of the High Middle Ages, characterized by rapid legal, cultural, and religious evolution as well as economic dynamism. Crusades after the fourth, while mostly unsuccessful in rechristianizing the Holy Land, inspired the desire to expel Muslim presence from Europe that drove the Reconquista and solidified a sense of Christendom. To the north, the Teutonic Order Christianized and gained dominance of Prussia, Estonia, and Livonia. Inspired by new translations into Latin of classical works preserved in the Islamic World for over a thousand years, Thomas Aquinas developed Scholasticism, which dominated the curricula of the new universities.[3] In England, King John signed the Magna Carta, beginning the tradition of Parliamentary advisement in England. This helped develop the principle of equality under law in European jurisprudence. However, economic disparity between feudal classes became noticeable.[4]

The Southern Song dynasty began the century as a prosperous kingdom but were later invaded and annexed into the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols. The Kamakura Shogunate of Japan successfully resisted two Mongol invasion attempts in 1274 and 1281. The Korean state of Goryeo resisted a Mongol invasion, but eventually sued for peace and became a client state of the Yuan dynasty.[5]

In North America, according to some population estimates, the population of Cahokia grew to be comparable to the population of 13th-century London.[6] In Peru, the Kingdom of Cuzco began as part of the Late Intermediate Period. In Mayan civilization, the 13th century marked the beginning of the Late Postclassic period. The Kanem Empire in what is now Chad reached its apex. The Solomonic dynasty in Ethiopia and the Zimbabwe Kingdom were founded.

Events

1201–1209

Main article: 1200s

1210s

Main article: 1210s
A page of the Italian Fibonacci's Liber Abaci from the Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze showing the Fibonacci sequence with the position in the sequence labeled in Roman numerals and the value in Arabic-Hindu numerals.

1220s

Main article: 1220s

1230s

Main article: 1230s
Portrait of the Chinese Zen Buddhist Wuzhun Shifan, painted in 1238, Song dynasty.
  • 1231: Emperor Frederick II promulgates the Constitutions of Melfi, a far-reaching legal code influential in the development of continental European statehood.[7][8]
  • 1232: The Mongols besiege Kaifeng, the capital of the Jin dynasty, capturing it in the following year.
  • 1233: Battle of Ganter, Ken Arok defeated Kertajaya, the last king of Kediri, thus established Singhasari kingdom[9] Ken Arok ended the reign of Isyana Dynasty and started his own Rajasa dynasty.
  • 1235: The Mandinka kingdoms unite to form the Mali Empire which leads to the downfall of Sosso in the 1230s.
  • 1237: Emperor Frederick II virtually annihilates the forces of the second Lombard League at the Battle of Cortenuova.
  • 1239–1250: Third conflict between the Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy.
  • 1237–1240: Mongol Empire conquers Kievan Rus.
  • 1238: Sukhothai becomes the first capital of Sukhothai Kingdom.

1240s

Main article: 1240s

1250s

Main article: 1250s
The Moors request permission from James I of Aragón, from the Cantigas de Santa Maria
  • By 1250, Pensacola culture, through trade, begins influencing Coastal Coles Creek culture.[10]
  • 1250: The Mamluk dynasty is founded in Egypt.
  • 1250: Death of Emperor Frederick II on December 13th.
  • 1257: Baab Mashur Malamo established the Sultanate of Ternate in Maluku.
  • 1258: Baghdad captured and destroyed by the Mongols, effective conclusion of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad.
  • 1258: Pandayan Emperor Jatavarman Sundara I invades Eastern India and northern Sri Lanka.
  • 1259: Treaty of Paris is signed between Louis IX and Henry III

1260s

Main article: 1260s

1270s

Main article: 1270s
The opening page of one of Ibn al-Nafis' medical works. This is probably a copy made in India during the 17th or 18th century.
  • 1270: Goryeo dynasty swears allegiance to the Yuan dynasty.
  • 1270: The Zagwe dynasty is displaced by the Solomonic dynasty.
  • 1271: Edward I of England and Charles of Anjou arrive in Acre, starting the Ninth Crusade against Baibars.
  • 1272–1274: Second Council of Lyon attempts to unite the churches of the Eastern Roman Empire with the Church of Rome.
  • 1274: The Mongols launch their first invasion of Japan, but they are repelled by the Samurai and the Kamikaze winds.
  • 1274: The Tepanec give the Mexica permission to settle at the islet Cauhmixtitlan (Eagle's Place Between the Clouds)
  • 1275: Sant Dnyaneshwar who wrote Dnyaneshwari (a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita) and Amrutanubhav was born.
  • 1275: King Kertanegara of Singhasari launched Pamalayu expedition against Melayu Kingdom in Sumatra (ended in 1292).
  • 1276: The Mamluk-Makurian War (1272-1276) ends in a Mamluk victory under Sultan Baybars and the deposition of David II.
  • 1277: Passage of the last and most important of the Paris Condemnations by Bishop Tempier, which banned a number of Aristotelian propositions.
  • 1279: The Song dynasty ends after losing the Battle of Yamen to the Mongols.
  • 1279: The Chola Dynasty in Southern India officially comes to an end.

1280s

Main article: 1280s
Japanese samurai boarding a Mongol vessel during the Mongol invasions of Japan, depicted in the Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba, 1293

1290–1300

Main articles: 1290s and 1300s
Hommage of Edward I (kneeling), to the Philippe le Bel (seated). As duke of Aquitaine, Edward was a vassal to the French king.
  • The Mamluk Dynasty comes to an end and is replaced by the Khalji dynasty.
  • 1290: By the Edict of Expulsion, King Edward I of England orders all Jews to leave the Kingdom of England.
  • 1291: The Swiss Confederation of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden forms.
  • 1291: Mamluk Sultan of Egypt al-Ashraf Khalil captures Acre, thus ending the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (the last Christian state remaining from the Crusades).
  • 1292: Jayakatwang, duke of Kediri, rebels and kills Kertanegara, ending the Singhasari kingdom.
  • 1292: Marco Polo, on his voyage from China to Persia, visits Sumatra and reports that, on the northern part of Sumatra, there were six trading ports, including Ferlec, Samudera and Lambri.[13]
  • 1292: King Mangrai founds the Lanna kingdom.
  • 1293: Mongol invasion of Java.[14] Kublai Khan of Yuan dynasty China, sends punitive attack against Kertanegara of Singhasari, who repels the Mongol forces.
  • 1293: On 10 November, the coronation of Nararya Sangramawijaya as monarch, marks the foundation of the Hindu Majapahit kingdom in eastern Java.
  • 1296: First War of Scottish Independence begins.
  • 1297: Membership in the Mazor Consegio or the Great Council of Venice of the Venetian Republic is sealed and limited in the future to only those families whose names have been inscribed therein.
  • 1299: Ottoman Empire is established under Osman I.
  • 1300: Islam is likely established in the Aceh region.
  • 1300: Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti founds the Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara/Sultanate of Kutai in the Tepian Batu or Kutai Lama.
  • 1300: The city of Bilbao was founded.
  • 1300: The Turku Cathedral was consecrated in Turku.[15]
  • 1300: Sri Rajahmura Lumaya, known in his shortened name Sri Lumay, a half-Tamil and half Malay minor prince of the Chola dynasty in Sumatra established the Indianized Rajahnate of Cebu in Cebu Island on the Philippine Archipelago.

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Alai Gate and Qutub Minar were built during the Mamluk and Khalji dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate.[16]
  • Early 13th century – Xia Gui paints Twelve Views from a Thatched Hut, during the Southern Song dynasty (now in Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri).
  • The motet form originates out of the Ars antiqua tradition of Western European music.
  • Manuscript culture develops out of this time period in cities in Europe, which denotes a shift from monasteries to cities for books.
  • Pecia system of copying books develops in Italian university-towns and was taken up by the University of Paris in the middle of the century.
  • Wooden movable type printing invented by Chinese governmental minister Wang Zhen in 1298.
  • The earliest known rockets, landmines, and handguns are made by the Chinese for use in warfare.
  • The Chinese adopt the windmill from the Islamic world.
  • Guan ware vase is made, Southern Song dynasty. It is now kept at Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, London.
  • 1250 – Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde, and other Ancestral Pueblo architectural complexes reach their apex[17]
  • 1280s – Eyeglasses are invented in Venice, Italy.
  • Late 13th century – Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace is made during the Kamakura period. It is now kept at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
  • Late 13th century – Descent of the Amida Trinity, raigo triptych, is made, Kamakura period. It is now kept at the Art Institute of Chicago.
  • The Neo-Aramaic languages begin to develop during the course of the century.

See also

  • Christianity in the 13th century

References

  1. ^ "Samudra Pasai worthy to be world historical site". Republika Online. 2017-03-24. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
  2. ^ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
  3. ^ "St. Thomas Aquinas". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  4. ^ Brooks, Christopher (2020). Western Civilization: A Concise History. NSCC Libraries Pressbooks.
  5. ^ Lee, Kenneth B. (1997). Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275958237.
  6. ^ "Greater London, Inner London Population & Density History". www.demographia.com. Retrieved 2023-02-10. Quoting from The London Encyclopedia, Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, ed., Macmillan, 2010, ISBN 1405049251
  7. ^ Van Cleve, T. C. (1972). The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen: Immuntator Mundi. Oxford. p. 143. ISBN 0-198-22513-X.
  8. ^ Kantorowicz, Ernst (1937). Frederick the Second, 1194–1250. New York: Frederick Ungar. p. 228.
  9. ^ "Ken Angrok". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  10. ^ Weinstein, Richard A.; Dumas, Ashley A. (2008). "The spread of shell-tempered ceramics along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico" (PDF). Southeastern Archaeology. 27 (2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-25.
  11. ^ Grousset, Rene (1988), Empire of steppes, Wars in Japan, Indochina and Java, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, p. 288, ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
  12. ^ Kahler, H. (December 31, 1981). Modern Times. Brill Archive. ISBN 9004061967 – via Google Books.
  13. ^ "History of Aceh". Archived from the original on August 13, 2012.
  14. ^ Weatherford, Jack (2004). Genghis khan and the making of the modern world. New York: Random House. p. 239. ISBN 0-609-80964-4.
  15. ^ "Kenelle kellot soivat? – Kiipeä 360-videon avulla Turun tuomiokirkon torniin". Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). 2017-07-02. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
  16. ^ "Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
  17. ^ Berlo and Phillips, 275
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