1740s

War of the Austrian Succession
From top left, clockwise: The War of Jenkins' Ear, a conflict between the British and Spanish Empires lasting from 1739 to 1748. The War of the Austrian Succession from 1740 to 1748, caused by the death of Emperor Charles VI in 1740. The siege of Trichinopoly, a conflict between the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Maratha Empire over the Carnatic region. George Anson burns Paita, a settlement in Peru in 1742 whilst on a voyage around the world. Nader Shah declares war on the Ottoman Empire in 1743 resulting in the Ottoman–Persian War. Following the end of the First Silesian War in 1742, the Second Silesian War occurs as a continuation of the first war. A Leyden jar is discovered independently by Ewald Georg von Kleist and Pieter van Musschenbroek. The Jacobite rising of 1745, an attempt by Charles Edward Stuart to regain the British throne for his father.

The 1740s (pronounced "seventeen-forties") decade ran from January 1, 1740, to December 31, 1749. Many events during this decade sparked an impetus for the Age of Reason. Military and technological advances brought one of the first instances of a truly global war to take place here, when Maria Theresa of Austria’s struggle to succeed the various crowns of her father King Charles VI led to a war involving nearly all European states in the War of the Austrian Succession, eventually spilling over to North America with the War of Jenkins’ Ear (which went on to involve many of the West’s first ferocious maritime battles). Capitalism grew robust following the fallout of the South Sea bubble two decades prior and the subsequent reign of Sir Robert Walpole, whose rule ended in the earlier half of this decade.

Events

1740

January–March

April–June

  • April 8 – War of the Austrian Succession: The Royal Navy captures the Spanish ship of the line Princesa off Cape Finisterre and takes her into British service.
  • May 31 – Frederick II becomes King in Prussia upon the death of his father, Frederick William I.
  • June 1 – Plantation Act 1740 or Naturalization Act 1740 of the Parliament of Great Britain comes into effect providing for Protestant alien immigrants (including Huguenots, and also Jews) residing in the American colonies for 7 years to receive British nationality.
  • June 16 – Pour le Mérite first awarded in Prussia as a military honour.
  • June 26 – War of Jenkins' Ear: Siege of Fort Mose – A Spanish column of 300 regular troops, free Black militia and Indian auxiliaries storms Britain's strategically crucial position of Fort Mose, Florida.

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

  • Enfield, North Carolina, is founded.
  • Spain begins construction on Fort Matanzas in the Matanzas Inlet, approximately 15 miles (24 km) south of St. Augustine, Florida.

1741

January–March

April–June

July–September

  • July 8 – Jonathan Edwards repeats his Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God sermon at Enfield, Connecticut.
  • July 15 – Alexei Chirikov sights land in Southeast Alaska, and sends some men aboard his ship ashore in a longboat, making them the first Europeans to visit Alaska.
  • August 4–5 – War of Jenkins' Ear: Invasion of Cuba – British Admiral Edward Vernon captures Guantánamo Bay in Cuba, which he renames Cumberland Bay, but which his forces are forced to abandon on December 9.
  • August 10 – Raja Marthanda Varma of Travancore defeats the Dutch East India Company in the Battle of Colachel, ending the Dutch colonial rule in India and marking the first "major" defeat of a European colonial military power in India.
  • August 23 – At least 2,000 die along the shores of the Sea of Japan after a volcanic eruption on an island generated the Kampo Tsunami.[19]
  • September 11 – War of the Austrian Succession: Linz falls to the Bavarian Army.[20]

October–December

Date unknown

  • Summer – Upper Priory Cotton Mill is opened in Birmingham, England, as the world's first mechanised cotton mill by Lewis Paul and John Wyatt; although this is not a commercial success, other Paul-Wyatt cotton mills follow.[25]
  • Stemmatographia by Hristofor Zhefarovich, regarded as the first Serbian and Bulgarian secular printed book, is printed in Vienna.
  • The Royal Order of Scotland in freemasonry is founded.

1742

January–March

April –June

July–September

  • July 7 – War of Jenkins' Ear: Battle of Bloody Marsh – British troops repel those of Spain (under Montiano), in the Province of Georgia.
  • July 14 – William Pulteney is created 1st Earl of Bath in Great Britain.
  • August 17
    • Accompanied by 10 French Army observers, Choctaw Indians from the French Louisiana territory cross the Tombigbee River and raid Chickasaw Indian towns in Georgia.[37] Over three days, the attackers lose 50 men, the Chickasaw defenders about 25. For permitting the attack, the French Louisiana governor, the Sieur de Bienville, is summoned back to Paris.
    • Irish author and poet Dean Jonathan Swift is declared by a court to be "of unsound mind and memory" and confined to home treatment for the remaining three years of his life.[38]
  • August 19
    • A British fleet led by Commodore William Martin enters the harbor of Naples with three warships, two frigates, and four bomb vessels, and sends a message giving the King Charles VII of Naples (the future King Charles III of Spain) 30 minutes to agree to withdraw Neapolitan troops from the Spanish Army. Don Carlos agrees and ends the threat of a Spanish foothold in Italy.[39]
    • Voltaire's controversial play Fanatacism, or Mahomet the Prophet is first performed, in Paris, to a theatre audience filled with French nobility.[40]
  • August 20 – The Swedish-Russian War effectively ends as 17,000 Swedish troops surrender in Finland at Helsingfors (Helsinki).[41]
  • August 27 – George Anson, captain of HMS Centurion, arrives with his seriously ill crew at the island of Tinian (now U.S. territory as one of the Northern Mariana Islands and saves his mission. [42]
  • September 5 – The 46 survivors of Russia's Great Northern Expedition return to Petropavlovsk after having been shipwrecked on an island in the Bering Strait ten months earlier. They had completed the building of a new ship from the wreckage of the St Pyotr on August 21. [43]
  • September 16 – Construction starts on the Foundling Hospital in London. [44]

October–December

  • October 5
    • Pedro Cebrian y Agustin, Count of Fuenclara, arrives at Veracruz to become the new Spanish Viceroy of New Spain.[45]
    • Pennsylvania's Colonial Governor George Thomas bars citizens from settling in Lancaster County, or west of the Blue Mountains.[46]
  • November 13 – The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters is founded.
  • December 2 – The Pennsylvania Journal first appears in the United States.

Date unknown

  • The Lopukhina Conspiracy arises at the Russian court.
  • The Afghan tribes unite as a monarchy.
  • Daniel le Pelley succeeds Nicolas le Pelley, as Seigneur of Sark.
  • Molde, Norway, becomes a city.
  • Eisenach, Germany builds its Stadtschloss (city castle).
  • Spain completes the construction of Fort Matanzas in the Matanzas Inlet, approximately 15 miles (24 km) south of St. Augustine, Florida.
  • The University of Erlangen is founded in Bavaria.
  • Anders Celsius publishes his proposal for a centigrade temperature scale originated in 1741.
  • Colin Maclaurin publishes his Treatise on Fluxions.
  • Charles Jervas's English translation of Don Quixote is published posthumously. Through a printer's error, the translator's name is printed as 'Charles Jarvis', leading the book to forever be known as the Jarvis translation. It is acclaimed as the most faithful English rendering of the novel made up to this time.
  • The Roman Catholic church decrees that Roman ceremonial practice in Latin (not in Chinese) is to be the law for Chinese missions.

1743

January–March

  • January 1 – The Verendrye brothers, probably Louis-Joseph and François de La Vérendrye, become the first white people to see the Rocky Mountains from the eastern side [47] (the Spanish conquistadors had seen the Rockies from the west side).
  • January 8 – King Augustus III of Poland, acting in his capacity as Elector of Saxony, signs an agreement with Austria, pledging help in war in return for part of Silesia to be conveyed to Saxony.[48]
  • January 12
    • The Verendryes, and two members of the Mandan Indian tribe, reach the foot of the mountains, near the site of what is now Helena, Montana.[49]
    • An earthquake strikes the Philippines [50]
  • January 16 – Cardinal André-Hercule de Fleury turns his effects over to King Louis XV, 13 days before his death on January 29.[51]
  • January 23 – With mediation by France, Sweden and Russia begin peace negotiations at Åbo (Turku) to end the Russo-Swedish War. By August 17, Sweden cedes all of its claims to southern Finland.[52]
  • February 21 – George Frideric Handel's oratorio, Samson, premieres in London.
  • March 2 – A British expeditionary fleet under Sir Charles Knowles is defeated by the Spanish in the Battle of La Guaira.

April–June

  • April 1 – Pope Benedict XIV issues a new bill, barring agreements by spouses not to appeal annulments of marriages [53]
  • April 2 – The Verendrye brothers bury a tablet claiming the Great Plains of North America for King Louis XV of France. A schoolgirl in Pierre, South Dakota, unearths the tablet 170 years later on February 16, 1913.[54]
  • April 3 – Prithvi Narayan Shah becomes the new King of the Gorkha Kingdom and begins a campaign to unify the 54 different principalities in the Himalayas under his rule as part of the unification of Nepal [55]
  • April 9 – The Verendrye brothers make the first contact since 1722 between Europeans and the Sioux Indians, whom they refer to as Les Gens de la Fleche Collee ("the people of the sheathed arrow").[56]
  • April 13 – The British East India Company ship Princess Louisa is wrecked off the coast of Maio Island in the Cape Verde Islands, killing 49 of her 179 crew.
  • April 18 – The trustees of the English Province of Georgia vote to inaugurate public schools in the corporate territory.[57]
  • May 9 – Austrian army defeats the Bavarian army in the Battle of Simbach.
  • May 10 – In New France, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville ends his final term (multiple times over 43 years) as Governor of colonial French Louisiana, which he helped colonize; he is succeeded by the Marquis de Vaudreuil (for the next 10 years) and returns to France.
  • May 30 – The Dalecarlian rebellion (1743) breaks out in Sweden.
  • June 27 (June 16 O.S.) – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Dettingen in Bavaria: British forces, in alliance with those of Hanover and Hesse, defeat a French army under the duc de Noailles; King George II of Great Britain (and Elector of Brunswick) leads his own troops, the last British king to do so.

July–September

  • July 3 – As a concession to Russia, Sweden's parliament ratifies the election of Adolphus Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, a great-grandson of King Charles XI, to be heir to the throne of Sweden. Adolphus becomes king on the death of King Frederick on April 5, 1751, marking the end of the Hesse-Kassel dynasty and the start of the dynasty of the Holstein-Gottorp that will rule Sweden from 1751 to 1818 [58]
  • July 13 – All 276 people on board the Dutch East India Company ship Hollandia drown after the ship strikes a rock off of the Isles of Scilly in England near Cornwall. The wreckage is located in 1971.
  • July 20 – Lord Anson captures the Philippine galleon Nuestra Señora de Covadonga and its treasure of 1,313,843 Spanish dollars at Manila along with a treasure of 2 1/2 million dollars, and proceeds back toward Mexico, then returns to Britain in 1744 [59]
  • July 23 – James Oglethorpe departs from Georgia to England and returns there in September.[60]
  • July 28 – France and the Allies of Britain conclude a treaty to provide care for each other's wounded.[61]
  • July 31 – At a summit in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, the British colonies of Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania conclude a treaty with the Six Nations, conceding that the member tribes are entitled to the territory west of the Appalachian mountains and north of the Ohio River.[62]
  • August 18 (August 7 Old Style) – Russia and Sweden sign the Treaty of Åbo.
  • August 24 – The War of the Hats: The Swedish army surrendered to the Russians in Helsinki, ending the war and starting Lesser Wrath.[63]
  • August 27 – Henry Pelham becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain.
  • September 11 – Russian noble Natalia Lopukhina is flogged in front of the Twelve Collegia building in Saint Petersburg, bringing a conclusion to the "Lopukhina Affair" plotted by France and the Duchy of Holstein.
  • September 13 – The Treaty of Worms is signed between Great Britain, Austria and Sardinia.

October–December

  • October 19 – Louis Maria Colons, one of nine French Canadians who had attempted to colonize territory in what is now New Mexico, is executed for attempting to persuade the Pueblo Indians to rise up against the Spanish colonial government.[64]
  • October 21 – Benjamin Franklin's view of a lunar eclipse from Philadelphia is spoiled by a rainstorm; several days later, he learns that residents of Boston received the same storm hours after the eclipse, demonstrating that weather moves from west to east.[65]
  • October 23 – After almost six weeks, Nader Shah of Persia lifts the siege of Mosul.[66]
  • November 5 – Coordinated scientific observations of the transit of Mercury are organized by Joseph-Nicolas Delisle.
  • December 3 – Ecuadorian scientist Pedro Vicente Maldonado departs from Brazil in order to purchase the most state-of-the-art equipment for the French Geodesic Mission [67]
  • December 9 – At Haarlem, Dutch astronomer Dirk Klinkenberg becomes the first to observe the Great Comet of 1744. Swiss astronomer Jean-Philippe de Cheseaux discovers it independently on December 13. Both scientists are given credit for its discovery [68]
  • December 10 – King Louis XV of France informs King Philip V of Spain of his intent to try to restore the House of Stuart to the throne of the United Kingdom. James Francis Edward Stuart was briefly the Crown Prince of England and Scotland until his father, King James II, was deposed in 1688 and, as Pretender to the Throne, would become King James III if the attack, planned for January 1, 1744 succeeds.[69]
  • December 11 – Princess Louise of Great Britain, daughter of King George II, weds Frederick, Crown Prince of Denmark and Norway.[70]

Undated

  • Capodimonte porcelain is first manufactured, in Naples.
  • Probable date – The last wolf in Scotland is shot, in Killiecrankie.[71]

1744

January–March

  • January 6 – The Royal Navy ship Bacchus engages the Spanish Navy privateer Begona, and sinks it; 90 of the 120 Spanish sailors die, but 30 of the crew are rescued.
  • January 24 – The Dagohoy rebellion in the Philippines begins, with the killing of Father Giuseppe Lamberti.
  • February 22–23 – Battle of Toulon: The British fleet is defeated by a joint Franco-Spanish fleet.
  • February 27 – Violent storms frustrate a planned French invasion of Britain.
  • March 1 (approximately) – The Great Comet of 1744, one of the brightest ever seen, reaches perihelion.
  • March 13 – The British ship Betty capsizes and sinks off of the Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana) near Anomabu. More than 200 people on board die, although there are a few survivors.
  • March 15 – France declares war on Great Britain.

April–June

  • April – The Female Spectator (a monthly) is founded by Eliza Haywood in England, the first periodical written for women by a woman.
  • April 2 – The first Rules of golf are drawn up at Leith, for the first golf competition.[72][73]
  • April 27 – Siege of Villafranca (1744): A joint French and Spanish force defeats Britain and Sardinia.
  • May 11 – Russia's treasury begins an effort to reduce the number of copper five-kopeck pieces (20 of which equal a Russian ruble) by declaring that it will buy them back at a ruble for every 20 until August 1, after which kopecks would be redeemed at a ruble for every 25; then at the rate of 33 for a ruble on October 1, and 50 for a ruble on and after August 28, 1746.[74]
  • May 22 – The Union of Germany is proclaimed in Frankfurt Frederick II of Prussia, as articles of union are signed between Prussia, Hesse-Kassel and the Rhineland Palatinate.[75]
  • May 24 – After receiving the news from Europe that Great Britain and France are at war, the French Army at Louisbourg attacks the British settlement at Fort William Augustus at Canso, Nova Scotia and forces its surrender.[76]
  • June 13 – Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin is named as the new Chancellor of the Russian Empire by the Empress Elizabeth.[77]
  • June 15 – Commodore George Anson's voyage around the world concludes after four years as HMS Centurion returns to England at Spithead and Anson is greeted as a hero.[78]
  • June 28 – At the age of 15, Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, the future Empress of Russia, is received into the Russian Orthodox Church after converting from the Lutheran faith. Upon her conversion to the Russian Orthodox religion, she is given the name Yekaterina (Catherine). In 1762, she takes the throne as the Empress Catherine II, later known as Catherine the Great.

July–September

October–December

  • October 4 – In one of the greatest disasters for the Royal Navy, HMS Victory sinks in a storm in the English Channel, killing 1,100 sailors and officers it had been bringing back from Gibraltar to England, including Admiral John Balchen.[79] The wreck will be located 264 years later, in January, 2009.[80]
  • October 12 – The creator of binomial nomenclature for the identification of plant and animal species, Carl Linnaeus, is selected as president of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science, succeeding the late Anders Celsius, who had devised the centigrade measurement of temperature.[81]
  • October 19 – William Shirley, the British colonial Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, announces the declaration of war against the Miꞌkmaq and Maliseet Indian tribes.[82]
  • October 25
    • The Massachusetts General Court, colonial legislature for the Massachusetts Bay Province, approves an incentive for the killing of enemy Indians, authorizing the payment of 100 Massachusetts pounds for the scalping of a Mi'kmaq or Maliseet Indian, and 50 for the scalps of women or children.[83]
    • Spanish explorers Antonio de Ulloa and Jorge Juan y Santacilla complete their mission of exploration and depart from the Peruvian seaport of Callao for a return to Spain.[84]
  • November 1 – Second Silesian War: The Prussian Army, under the command of Field Marshal Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin, begins the bombardment of Prague. The Bohemian capital surrenders after two weeks.[85]
  • December 18 – Queen Maria Theresa of Austria issues a proclamation to rid Bohemia of its Jewish residents, with the Jews to leave Prague over the next two weeks, and then to depart from Bohemia entirely in 1745.[86]

Date unknown

  • The third French and Indian War, known as King George's War, breaks out at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia.
  • Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book, sequel to Tommy Thumb's Song Book, containing the oldest version of many well-known and popular rhymes, is published in London.

1745

January–March

  • January 7 – War of the Austrian Succession: The Austrian Army, under the command of Field Marshal Károly József Batthyány, makes a surprise attack at Amberg and the winter quarters of the Bavarian Army, and scatters the Bavarian defending troops, then captures the Bavarian capital of Munich.[87]
  • January 8 – The Quadruple Alliance treaty is signed at Warsaw by Great Britain, Austria, the Dutch Republic and the Duchy of Saxony.[88]
  • January 20 – Less than two weeks after the disastrous Battle of Amberg leaves Bavaria undefended, the electorate's ruler (and Holy Roman Emperor) Charles VII dies from gout at the age of 47, leaving the duchy without an adult to lead it. His 17-year-old son, Maximilian III Joseph, signs terms of surrender in April.
  • February 22 – The ruling white colonial government on the island of Jamaica foils a conspiracy by about 900 black slaves, who had been plotting to seize control and to massacre the white residents.[89]
  • February 23 – The royal wedding of the crown prince of France takes place at Versailles: the Dauphin Louis Ferdiand, eldest son of King Louis XV, is united in marriage to Princess Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain, daughter of King Philip V.[90] The Dauphin never takes the throne, dying in 1765, eight years before the death of his father.
  • February 27 – Pierre Bouguer appears before the French Academy of Sciences to deliver his report of the data gathered in the French Geodesic Mission, including the first precise measurement of the Earth's circumference.[91] His determination that the circumference is 24,854.85 miles (40,000.00 km) and that the distance from the pole to equator is roughly 6,214 miles (10,000 km) eventually leads to the Academy's calculation of the metre and the metric system.
  • March 1 – Augustus III, the King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, declares his candidacy to become the next Holy Roman Emperor, but loses in September to Francis, Duke of Tuscany.[92]

April–June

  • April 4 (March 24, old style) – Under the command of British Army General William Pepperrell, the first 4,300 American colonists in the New England Army depart Boston to liberate the French North American colony of Nova Scotia. The flotilla of 80 military transports and 18 armed escorts is scattered by a storm, but the first troops disembark at Canso, Nova Scotia, on April 15 and begin training while waiting for the arrival of the Royal Navy squadron commanded by Admiral Peter Warren.[93]
  • April 15 – War of the Austrian Succession: Battle of Pfaffenhofen – The Austrian Army drives the French Army out of Bavaria, forcing the Electorate of Bavaria to withdraw from the war.
  • April 22 – Having recently turned 18, Bavaria's ruler Maximilian III agrees to sign the Treaty of Füssen with Austria, withdrawing Bavaria from further participation in the War of the Austrian Succession, and agreeing to support Austria's candidate for the next Holy Roman Emperor.[94]
  • April 29 – The French Navy frigate Renommée approaches the French colony of Nova Scotia, after having been dispatched to warn French forces at Louisbourg of the impending attack by British American forces. However, the Massachusetts privateer HMS Shirley Galley, commanded by John Rous, attacks the Renommée and forces it to sail away. The command at Louisbourg is thus not warned of the impending attack. [93]
  • May 11 – War of the Austrian Succession: Battle of Fontenoy – French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army, including the British 42nd Regiment of Foot, also known as Black Watch.[95][96]
  • June 4 – Second Silesian War: Battle of Hohenfriedberg – In the battle that earns him the descriptor of "Frederick the Great", King Frederick II of Prussia decisively defeats the armies of Austria and Saxony.
  • June 16 – King George's War: The British capture Cape Breton Island in North America from the French.[95]

July–September

October –December

  • October 4 – Francis is crowned as the new Holy Roman Emperor.[98]
  • October 8 – The Empress Elizabeth of Russia agrees to provide the Electorate of Saxony with aid in its war against Prussia, but the agreement comes too late.[92]
  • October 11 – At Köslin (modern Koszalin in Poland) Prussian scientist Ewald Georg von Kleist independently invents the first electrical capacitor to store and discharge electricity.[99] The invention, commonly called the Leyden jar is later credited to a subsequent inventor Pieter van Musschenbroek.
  • October 14 – In Amritsar in India's Punjab region, the Sikh parliament (the Sarbat Khalsa) votes for a major reorganization of the Sikh nation's army, the Dal Khalsa, with 25 cavalry regiments and support troops under the command of General Nawab Kapur Singh.[100]
  • November 1 – Pope Benedict XIV issues the encyclical Vix pervenit, referred to in English as "On Usury and Other Dishonest Profit", to the bishops of Italy, condemning the charging of interest on loans as a sin against the Roman Catholic Church. [101]
  • November 8 – Jacobite rising of 1745: Charles Edward Stuart crosses from Scotland into England for the first time. He arrives at Longtown, Cumbria, and spends the night at a nearby village, the Riddings, then leads his army south along the right bank of the River Eden the next day.[102]
  • November 23 – Battle of Hennersdorf (Second Silesian War): The Prussian army defeats that of Saxony.
  • November 28 – King George's War: A combined force of troops from the French Army and of the Wabanaki Confederacy (Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, Passamaquoddy, Abenaki and Penobscot tribes) destroys the British American settlement at Fort Saratoga (modern Schuylerville, New York), burning the fort and surrounding buildings to the ground, and killing 15 people.[103] Another 103 survivors are taken prisoner.
  • December 4 – Jacobite rising of 1745: The Scottish Jacobite army reaches as far south as Derby in England, causing panic in London; two days later it begins to retreat.[95]
  • December 17 – Two days after Prussian troops rout the Saxons at the Battle of Kesselsdorf, the Saxon capital of Dresden falls to Prussia's King Frederick the Great.[92]
  • December 18 – Jacobite rising of 1745: Clifton Moor Skirmish – The Jacobites are victorious[95] in the last action between two military forces on English soil.[104]
  • December 23 – Jacobite rising of 1745: Battle of Inverurie – The Jacobites are victorious over British royal troops.
  • December 25 – The Treaty of Dresden gives Prussia full possession of Silesia.
  • December 28 – For 5 days, fire destroys buildings in Istanbul.

1746

January–March

April–June

  • April 16 – The Battle of Culloden in Scotland, the final pitched battle fought on British soil, brings an end to the Jacobite rising of 1745.[110]
  • May 27 – The three Scottish leaders of the Jacobite uprising— the Earl of Kilmarnock, Lord Balmerino, and Lord Lovat— are imprisoned for treason in the Tower of London, where they are held by the British government until their execution. Boyd and Balmerino are beheaded in August, while Fraser is not put to death until April 1747.[111]
  • June 16 – Battle of Piacenza: Austrian forces defeat French and Spanish troops.
  • June 18 – Samuel Johnson is contracted to write his A Dictionary of the English Language.
  • June 29 – Catherine of Ricci (b. 1522) is canonized.

July–September

  • July 3 – Father Joachim Royo, the last of the five Spanish Catholic missionaries to Fuzhou in China, is captured by Chinese authorities, after having spent three decades defying orders to not evangelize.[112] He and three fellow priests are put to death two years later, on October 28, 1748.
  • July 9 – King Philip V of Spain dies, after a reign of more than 45 years. His oldest living son succeeds him, as King Ferdinand VI.
  • August 1 – The wearing of the kilt is banned in Scotland by the Dress Act, which comes into force one year later, on August 1, 1747.
  • August 18 – Two of the four rebellious Scottish lords, Earl of Kilmarnock and Lord Balmerinoch, are beheaded in the Tower of London (Lord Lovat is executed in 1747).
  • September 20 – Bonnie Prince Charlie flees to the Isle of Skye from Arisaig, after the unsuccessful Jacobite rising of 1745, marked by the Prince's Cairn on the banks of Loch nan Uamh.

October–December

  • October 11 – War of the Austrian Succession – Battle of Rocoux: The French army defeats the allied Austrian, British, Hanoveran and Dutch army in Rocourt.
  • October 22 – The College of New Jersey is founded in Princetown, New Jersey. In 1896, it is renamed Princeton University.
  • October 28 – An earthquake demolishes Lima and Callao, in Peru.
  • November 4 – Anwaruddin Khan, the Nawab of the Arcot State in South India, is driven back by the Captain Louis Paradis of the French Army after he and 10,000 soldiers attempt to drive the French back out of Madras.[113]
  • December 5 – Rallied by a teenage boy, Giovanni Battista Perasso (nicknamed Balilla"), the citizens of the Republic of Genoa rise up against the Austrian occupying troops and the collaborator Military Governor, the Genoese Marquis of Botta d'Adorno. By December 11, the Austrian soldiers are driven from the Italian city-state, but return a few months later.[114]

Date unknown

  • Eva Ekeblad reports her discovery, of how to make flour and alcohol from potatoes, to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
  • The town of Vilkovo (Odes'ka oblast', Ukraine) is founded.
  • Gabriel Johnston, British Governor of the Province of North Carolina, moves to New Bern, the province's largest. New Bern replaces Edenton as the capital of North Carolina until Raleigh is established in 1792.
  • Charles Batteux's Les beaux-arts réduits à un même principe is published in Paris, putting forward for the first time the idea of "les beaux arts": "the fine arts".

1747

January–March

  • January 31 – The first venereal diseases clinic opens at London Lock Hospital.
  • February 11 – King George's War: A combined French and Indian force, commanded by Captain Nicolas Antoine II Coulon de Villiers, attacks and defeats British troops at Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia.
  • March 7 – Juan de Arechederra the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines, combines his forces with those of Sultan Azim ud-Din I of Sulu to suppress the rebellion of the Moros in the Visayas.[115]
  • March 19 – Simon Fraser, the 79-year old Scottish Lord Lovat, is convicted of high treason for being one of the leaders of the Jacobite rising of 1745 against King George II of Great Britain and attempting to place the pretender Charles Edward Stuart on the throne.[116] After a seven day trial of impeachment in the House of Lords and the verdict of guilt, Fraser is sentenced on the same day to be hanged, drawn and quartered; King George alters Fraser's punishment to beheading, which is carried out publicly on April 9.

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

  • James Lind's experiment begins to prove that citrus fruits prevent scurvy.
  • War of the Austrian Succession: Spanish troops invade and occupy the coastal towns of Beaufort and Brunswick in the Royal Colony of North Carolina, during what becomes known as the Spanish Alarm. They are later driven out by the local militia.
  • Samuel Johnson begins work on A Dictionary of the English Language in London.

1748

January–March

  • January 12 – Ahmad Shah Durrani captures Lahore.[123]
  • January 27 – A fire at the prison and barracks at Kinsale, in Ireland, kills 54 of the prisoners of war housed there. An estimated 500 prisoners are safely conducted to another prison.[124]
  • February 7 – The San Gabriel mission project begins with the founding of the first Roman Catholic missions further northward in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, in what is now central Texas. On orders of the Viceroy, Juan Francisco de Güemes, Friar Mariano Marti establish the San Francisco Xavier mission at a location on the San Gabriel River in what is now Milam County.[125] The mission, located northeast of the future site of Austin, Texas, is attacked by 60 Apache Indians on May 2, and San Xavier is abandoned after a few years.
  • March 11 – In battle near Manupur (15 kilometres (9.3 mi) northwest of Sirhind), Mughal forces under Prince Ahmad Shah Bahadur are victorious against Ahmad Shah Durrani.
  • March 25 – A fire in the City of London starts at Change Alley in Cornhill and continues for two days. Dr. Samuel Johnson later writes, "The conflagration of a city, with all its turmoil and concominant distress, is one of the most dreadful spectacles which this world can afford to human eyes".[124] Another history notes more than a century later that "the fire led to a great increase in the practice of fire insurance", after the blaze causes more than £1,000,000 worth of damage.

April–June

  • April 15 – The Siege of the Dutch fortress of Maastricht is started by the French under the command of Maurice de Saxe as part of the War of the Austrian Succession. The fortress falls on May 7 after a little more than three weeks.
  • April 24 – A congress assembles at Aix-la-Chapelle (now Aachen), with the intent to conclude the War of the Austrian Succession. The treaty is signed on October 18.
  • May 10 – As word arrives that the Dutch Republic has agreed to return control of Maastricht to France, the French Army's leader of the siege, Count Löwendal, marches through the opened city gates with his troops and accepts its surrender.[126]
  • June 1
    • A fire in Moscow kills 482 people and destroys 5,000 buildings.[124]
    • José de Escandón is designated by the Viceroy of New Spain as the first Royal Governor of Nuevo Santander. The area covered by the Viceroyalty's new province is now part of the Mexican state of Tamaulipas, and the part of the U.S. state of Texas south of the Guadalupe River (including San Antonio and Corpus Christi).

July–September

  • July 29 – Royal Navy Admiral Edward Boscawen arrives at the coast of southeastern India with 28 ships, to defend Fort St. David from attacks by armies of French India. Historian Francis Grose later writes that Boscawen had brought the largest fleet "ever seen together in the East Indies", with nine ships of the line, two frigates, a sloop, and two tenders" [127] and 14 ships of the British East India Company. Altogether, Boscawen has 3,580 sailors under his command. He then launches an offensive to destroy the French fort at Pondicherry and drive France from the subcontinent.
  • August 26 – The first Lutheran Church body in America is founded at a conference in Philadelphia, organized by German-born evangelist Henry Muhlenberg and attended by pastors of orthodox and pious Lutheran communities.[128] The two groups agree to create a common liturgy to govern public worship.
  • August – The Camberwell beauty butterfly is named after specimens found at Camberwell in London.
  • September 24 – Shah Rukh becomes ruler of Greater Khorasan.

October –December

Date unknown

1749

January–March

  • January 3
    • Benning Wentworth issues the first of the New Hampshire Grants, leading to the establishment of Vermont.
    • The first issue of Berlingske, Denmark's oldest continually operating newspaper, is published.
  • January 21 – The Teatro Filarmonico, the main opera theater in Verona, Italy, is destroyed by fire. It is rebuilt in 1754.
  • February – The second part of John Cleland's erotic novel Fanny Hill (Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure) is published in London. The author is released from debtors' prison in March.
  • February 28 – Henry Fielding's comic novel The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling is published in London.[133] Also this year, Fielding becomes magistrate at Bow Street, and first enlists the help of the Bow Street Runners, an early police force (eight men at first).[134]
  • March 6 – A "corpse riot" breaks out in Glasgow after a body disappears from a churchyard in the Gorbals district. Suspicion falls on anatomy students at the Glasgow Infirmary "had raised a dead body from the grave and carried it to the college" for dissection.[135] The city guard intervenes after a mob of protesters begins breaking windows at random buildings, but groups of citizens begin to make regular patrols of church graveyards[136]
  • March 17 – At London's Covent Garden, composer George Frideric Handel conducts the first performance of his new oratorio, Solomon. More than 250 years later, an instrumental from Solomon, "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba"; will be featured in the 2012 London Summer Olympics opening ceremony.[137]

April–June

  • April 14 – British Royal Navy ship HMS Namur is wrecked in a storm near Fort St. David, India, with the loss of 520 lives.[138]
  • April 27 – The first official performance of Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks in London finishes early, due to the outbreak of fire. The piece had been composed by Handel to commemorate the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, which ended the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748.[133]
  • May 19 – King George II of Great Britain grants the Ohio Company 200,000 acres (81,000 ha) (312½ square miles or 810 km2) of land north of the Ohio River, encompassing most of the modern U.S. state of Ohio and part of West Virginia. The grant is conditioned on the Company being able to attract 100 European families every year, for seven years, to move to the area occupied by Indian tribes, and to build a fort to protect them[139]
  • June 4 – A fire in Glasgow leaves 200 families homeless.[140]
  • June 6 – The Conspiracy of the Slaves, which was to have taken place on June 29, is revealed in Malta.

July–September

  • July 9 – The British naval fort at Halifax is founded on mainland Nova Scotia as a defense against the New France Fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, less than 100 miles (160 km) away.
  • August 2 – Irish-born trader George Croghan, unaware of the recent British grant of land in the Ohio River valley to the Ohio Company, purchases 200,000 acres of much of the same land from the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy, dealing directly with "the three most important Iroquois chiefs resident in that area, in return for an immense quantity of Indian goods." The deal takes place at the Iroquois capital of Onondaga, near present-day Syracuse, New York.[141]
  • August 3
    • The Battle of Ambur is fought in south India as the Second Carnatic War begins between the French-supported troops of Chanda Sahib of the Mughal Empire and the British-supported defenders of the Arcot State, led by its 77-year old Nawab, Anwaruddin Khan. After marching outside of the walls of Arcot to confront Chanda Sahib and Joseph Dupleix's 4,000 troops, Anwaruddin Khan's numerically superior force is routed and he is killed in the battle.[142]
    • French explorer Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville, commissioned by New France to explore the Ohio Territory claimed by both France and Britain, buries the first of six engraved lead markers claiming the land for King Louis XV.[143] The first plate is buried on the banks of the Allegheny River, near a rock with petroglyphs, in what is now Venango County, Pennsylvania.
  • August 7 – Mary Musgrove Bosomworth, a woman of mixed British and Creek Indian ancestry, presents herself as Coosaponakeesa, Queen of the Creek Indians and marches with 200 Creek Indians into the town of Savannah, Georgia. During her confrontation with British colonial authorities, she and her husband Thomas Bosomworth demand payment of "nearly twenty-five thousand dollars" in compensation for property taken from the Creek Indians, before the British authorities determine that she doesn't have the authority to speak for the tribe.[144]
  • August 15 – Four Russian sailors— Aleksei Inkov, Khrisanf Inkov, Stepan Sharapov and Fedor Verigin— are rescued after having been marooned on the Arctic Ocean island of Edgeøya for more than six years. They are the only survivors of a crew of 14 whose koch had been blown off course in May 1743 and then broken up by ice.[145] The four are returned home on September 28.
  • August 19 – At a ceremony in San Antonio, Texas (then a part of the New Spain province of Nuevo Santander), four Apache chiefs and Spanish colonial officials and missionaries literally "bury the hatchet", placing weapons of war into a pit and covering it as a symbol that the Apaches and the Spaniards will fight no further war against each other.[146]
  • September 5 – A delegation of 33 members of the Catawba Indian nation and 73 from the Cherokee nation arrive in Charleston, South Carolina, to discuss a peace treaty with South Carolina's provincial governor, James Glen.[147]
  • September 12 – The first recorded game of baseball is played, by Frederick, Prince of Wales, at Kingston upon Thames in England.[148]
  • September 23 – Grand Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope, of the Miꞌkmaq Indian nation in Canada, declares war against the British Empire[149] after the building of the fort at Halifax, Nova Scotia and begins hostilities by taking 20 British hostages at Canso.[150]
  • September 28 – Three Russian survivors of the shipwreck on Edgeøya return to their homeland after more than six years, as the ship Nikolai i Andrei brings them to the port of Arkhangelsk.[145] A fourth survivor, Fedor Veriginare, died of scurvy during the six-week voyage home.

October–December

  • October 2 – Edward Cornwallis, the British Governor of Nova Scotia, commands his militia and local citizens "to annoy, distress, take or destroy the Savage commonly called Micmac, wherever they are found" and promises a reward of ten guineas (21 British shillings) for every Mi'kmaq scalp brought in.[150]
  • October 4 – What is later described as "the least examined yet most influential"[151] of clerical reforms, by the Spanish Bourbon monarchs of the 18th century, begins when King Ferdinand VI approves a royal cédula, removing control of the Roman Catholic parishes of Latin America from religious orders. Henceforward, jurisdiction over parishioners in the archdioceses of Lima, Mexico City and Bogotá is with the secular clergy.
  • October 16 – At Falmouth, a part of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay that would later be the site of Portland, Maine, a peace treaty is signed between representatives of Massachusetts Bay and 19 sagamores and tribal chiefs of the Wabanaki Confederacy (encompassing the Penobscot, Kennebec, Odanak and Wôlinak tribes of the Abenaki Indians), temporarily settling territorial disputes in Maine during King George's War.[152]
  • October 19 – Two months after Pierre Céloron begins his inspection of the Ohio territory on behalf of France, Christopher Gist starts his survey of the lands along the right bank of the Ohio River on behalf of the British grant to the Ohio Company.[153]
  • November 9 – Battle of Penfui on Timor: A large Topass army is defeated by a numerically inferior Dutch East India Company.
  • November 12 – In response to the increasing number of starving people moving into Paris from rural parts of France, King Louis XV issues an ordinance that "all the beggars and vagabonds who shall be found either in the streets of Paris, or in churches or church doorways, or in the countryside around Paris, of whatever age or sex, shall be arrested and conducted into prisons, to stay there as long as shall be necessary."[154][155]
  • November 24 – The Province of South Carolina House of Assembly votes to free African-American slave Caesar Norman, and to grant him a lifetime pension of 100 British pounds per year, in return for Caesar's agreement to share the secret of his antidote for poisonous snake venom. Caesar then makes public his herbal cure of juice from Plantago major (the common plantain) and Marrubium vulgare (horehound), combined with "a leaf of good tobacco moistened with rum".[156]
  • December 1 – Sultan Azim ud-Din I, recently forced to flee to Manila after being driven from the throne of Sultanate of Sulu elsewhere in the Philippine Islands, announces his intention to convert from Sunni Islam to become baptized as a Christian within the Roman Catholic Church. He changes his name to Fernando after being baptized.[157]
  • December 5 – French composer Jean-Philippe Rameau premieres his new opera, Zoroastre, at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris, but the first version is not a success.[158] After five years of rewriting, Rameau will revive Zoroastre on January 19, 1756 and the opera will continue to be performed more than two centuries later.
  • December 7 – Father Junípero Serra begins his missionary work in the New World, 100 days after departing on a voyage from Spain and a day after his arrival at Veracruz in Mexico.[159] During the period from 1769 to 1782, Serra will be the founder of nine missions in the Province of Las Californias, including the sites around which future California cities will be built, including Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá in 1769 and Mission San Francisco de Asís in 1776.
  • December 30 – Mir Sayyid Muhammad, a grandson of the Shah Suleiman of Persia, overthrows Shahrokh Shah to become the Shah of Persia, and briefly restores the Safavid dynasty as Suleiman II; his reign ends less than three months later, on March 20, when Kurdish tribesmen restore Shahrokh to the throne.[160]

Date unknown

  • A census is conducted in Finland.
  • The land reform of the Great Partition begins in Sweden, and continues until the 19th century.

Births

1740

Marquis de Sade
  • Ali Pasha of Ioannina, Albanian ruler (d. 1822)
  • Margaret Bingham, Countess of Lucan, born Margaret Smith, English portrait miniature painter and writer (d. 1814)[161]
  • John Milton, American politician and officer of the Continental Army (d. 1817) (earliest estimated date of birth)
  • Septimanie d'Egmont, French salonist (d. 1773)

1741

Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor

1742

  • January 8 – Philip Astley, English circus organizer (d. 1814)
  • March 9 – Michael Anckarsvärd, Swedish politician (d. 1838)
  • March 10 – Sampson Salter Blowers, American lawyer, jurist (d. 1842)
Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
James Wilson
  • September 14 – James Wilson, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1798)
  • October 3 – Anders Jahan Retzius, Swedish chemist, botanist (d. 1821)
  • October 6 – Johan Herman Wessel, Norwegian poet (d. 1785)
  • November 5 – Richard Cosway, English artist (d. 1821)
Carl Wilhelm Scheele

1743

Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova

1744

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Johann Gottfried Herder

1745

Alessandro Volta

1746

Tadeusz Kościuszko
Francisco Goya

1747

Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor

1748

Jeremy Bentham
Jacques-Louis David

1749

Pierre Simon de Laplace
Madame Mère
  • August 24 – Madame Mère (Letizia Ramolino Bonaparte) mother of Napoleon I (d. 1836)
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Deaths

1740

Pope Clement XII
Frederick William I, King in Prussia
Saint Theophilus of Corte
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
Anna, Empress of Russia

1741

  • January 15 – Ramon Despuig, Spanish-born 67th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1670)
  • February 13 – Johann Joseph Fux, Austrian composer (b. 1660)
  • February 21 – Jethro Tull, British agriculturist (b. 1674)
  • March 16 – Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga, Tuscan princess (b. 1686)
  • March 17 – Jean-Baptiste Rousseau, French poet (b. 1671)
  • March 31 – Pieter Burmann the Elder, Dutch classical scholar (b. 1668)
  • April 10 – Celia Fiennes, English travel writer (b. 1662)
  • May 21 – Henry Dawnay, 2nd Viscount Downe, Irish peer (b. 1664)
  • May 24 – Lord Augustus FitzRoy, Royal Navy officer during the Battle of Cartagena de Indias (b. 1716)
  • May 25 – Daniel Ernst Jablonski, German theologian (b. 1660)
  • June 14 – Landgravine Caroline of Hesse-Rotenburg, German noble (b. 1714)
  • June 18 – François Pourfour du Petit, French anatomist, ophthalmologist and surgeon (b. 1664)
  • July 3 – Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine, Sardinian queen consort (b. 1711)
Antonio Vivaldi

1742

  • January 1 – Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, English statesman (b. 1686)
Edmond Halley
Susanna Wesley
  • January 25 – Edmond Halley, English astronomer (b. 1656)[176]
  • February 22 – Charles Rivington, English publisher (b. 1688)
  • March 16 – David-Henri de Meuron, Swiss Merchant (b. 1706)
  • March 23 – Jean-Baptiste Dubos, French author (b. 1670)
  • April 2 – James Douglas, Scottish physician, anatomist (b. 1675)
  • April 15 – Samuel Shute, Governor of Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire (b. 1662)
  • April 17 – Arvid Horn, Swedish statesman (b. 1664)
  • May 13 – Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (b. 1719)
  • May 21 – Lars Roberg, Swedish physician (b. 1664)
  • May 26 – Pylyp Orlyk, Ukrainian Zaporozhian Cossack starshina, diplomat (b. 1672)
  • June 18 – John Aislabie, British politician (b. 1670)
  • June 27 – Nathan Bailey, English philologist, lexicographer
  • July 1 – Bohuslav Matěj Černohorský, Czech composer (b. 1684)
  • July 2 – Robert Petre, 8th Baron Petre, British peer, renowned horticulturist (b. 1713)
  • July 4 – Guido Grandi, Italian mathematician (b. 1671)
  • July 9 – John Oldmixon, English historian (b. 1673)
  • July 12 – Evaristo Abaco, Italian composer (b. 1675)
  • July 14 – Richard Bentley, English scholar and critic (b. 1662)
  • July 19 – William Somervile, English poet (b. 1675)
  • July 23 – Susanna Wesley, mother of John and Charles Wesley, known as mother of Methodism. (b. 1669)
  • July 30 – Nicholas Roosevelt (1658–1742), Dutch-American politician (b. 1658)
  • August 14 – Maria van Lommen, Dutch gold- and silversmith and guild member (b. 1688)
  • August 25 – Carlos Seixas, Portuguese composer (b. 1704)
  • September 18 – Vincenzo Ludovico Gotti, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1664)
  • September 22 – Frederic Louis Norden, Danish explorer (b. 1708)
  • September 27 – Hugh Boulter, Irish Archbishop of Armagh (b. 1672)
  • September 28 – Jean Baptiste Massillon, French bishop (b. 1663)
  • November 12 – Friedrich Hoffmann, German physician, chemist (b. 1660)
  • November 20 – Melchior de Polignac, French diplomat (b. 1661)
  • November 24 – Andrew Bradford, American publisher (b. 1686)
  • December 18 – William Fairfield, Massachusetts Speaker of the House of Deputies (b. 1662)
  • December 31 – Karl III Philip, Elector Palatine (b. 1661)

1743

Eiler Hagerup
Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington
Jai Singh II

1744

Blessed Januarius Maria Sarnelli

1745

Robert Walpole
Jonathan Swift

1746

  • February 4 – Robert Blair, Scottish poet and cleric (b. 1699)
  • February 8 – Anton Josef Kirchweger, German writer
  • February 26 – Thomas Watson, 3rd Earl of Rockingham, British politician (b. 1715)
  • February 28 – Hermann von der Hardt, German historian (b. 1660)
  • March 18 – Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldovna of Russia, regent of Russia (b. 1718)
  • March 20 – Nicolas de Largillière, French painter (b. 1656)
  • April 29 – William Flower, 1st Baron Castle Durrow, Irish politician (b. 1685)
  • May 6 – William Tennent, Scottish-American theologian (b. 1673)
  • May 13 – James Drummond, 3rd Duke of Perth, British noble (b. 1713)
  • May 22 – Thomas Southerne, Irish playwright (b. 1660)
  • June 14 – Colin Maclaurin, Scottish mathematician (b. 1698)
  • July 2 – Thomas Baker, English antiquarian (b. 1656)
Philip V of Spain
  • July 9 – King Philip V of Spain (b. 1683)
  • July 28 – John Peter Zenger, American printer, whose court case advanced freedom of the press in the American colonies (b. 1697)
  • July 30 – Francesco Trevisani, Italian painter (b. 1656)
  • August 6 – Christian VI, King of Denmark and Norway (b. 1699)
  • August 8 – Francis Hutcheson, Irish philosopher (b. 1694)
  • September 25 – St George Gore-St George, Irish politician (b. 1722)
  • October 2 – Josiah Burchett, English Secretary of the Admiralty (b. c. 1666)
  • November 14 – Georg Steller, German naturalist (b. 1709)
  • December 6 – Lady Grizel Baillie, Scottish poet (b. 1665)
  • December 8 – Charles Radclyffe, British politician and rebel, by beheading after being convicted of treason against the Crown (b. 1693)

1747

  • January 2 – Lord George Graham, Royal Navy officer and MP (b. 1715)
  • January 16 – Barthold Heinrich Brockes, German poet (b. 1680)[179]
  • January 26 – Willem van Mieris, Dutch painter (b. 1662)
  • March 2 – Margravine Sophie Charlotte of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, German noble (b. 1713)
  • March 14 – Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg, German aristocrat and general (b. 1661)
  • March 16 – Christian Augustus of Anhalt-Zerbst, father of Catherine II of Russia (b. 1690)
  • March 23 – Claude Alexandre de Bonneval, French soldier (b. 1675)
  • April 2 – Johann Jacob Dillenius, German botanist (b. 1684)
  • April 3 – Francesco Solimena, Italian painter (b. 1657)
  • April 7 – Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, Prussian field marshal (b. 1676)
  • April 9 – Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, Scottish clan chief (b. c. 1667)
  • April 14 – Jean-Frédéric Osterwald, Swiss Protestant pastor (b. 1663)
  • May 9 – John Dalrymple, 2nd Earl of Stair, Scottish soldier and diplomat (b. 1673)
  • May 28 – Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues, French writer (b. 1715)[180]
  • May 31 – Andrei Osterman, Russian statesman (b. 1686)
  • June 8 – Alan Brodrick, 2nd Viscount Midleton, English cricketer (b. 1702)
  • June 17 – Avdotya Chernysheva, Russian noble, lady in waiting (b. 1693)
Nader Shah

1748

William Kent
  • January 1 – Johann Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (b. 1667)
  • January 16 – Arnold Drakenborch, Dutch classical scholar (b. 1684)
  • February 18 – Otto Ferdinand von Abensberg und Traun, Austrian field marshal (b. 1677)
  • March 7 – Élisabeth Thérèse de Lorraine, French noblewoman, Princess of Epinoy by marriage (b. 1664)
  • March 14 – George Wade, British military leader (b. 1673)
  • March 23 – Johann Gottfried Walther, German music theorist, organist and composer (b. 1684)
  • April 8 – Empress Xiaoxianchun of Qing dynasty (b. 1712)
  • April 12 – William Kent, English architect (b. c. 1685)
  • April 16 – Muhammad Shah, Mughal emperor of India (b. 1702)
  • May 12 – Thomas Lowndes, British astronomer (b. 1692)
  • May 17 – Henri, Duke of Elbeuf, member of the House of Lorraine (b. 1661)
  • June 16 – Jean Philippe d'Orléans, illegitimate son of future French regent Philippe d'Orleans (b. 1702)
  • June 28 – Marretje Arents, Dutch rebel leader (b. 1712)
  • August 27 – James Thomson, Scottish poet (b. 1700)[184]
  • September 6 – Edmund Gibson, English jurist (b. 1669)
  • September 10 – Mother Ignacia del Espíritu Santo, Filipino founder of the Congregation of the Religious of the Virgin Mary (b. 1663)
  • September 12 – Anne Bracegirdle, English actress (b. c. 1671)
  • September 21 – John Balguy, English philosopher (b. 1686)[185]
  • November 25 – Isaac Watts, English hymn writer (b. 1674)[186]
  • December 2 – Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset, English politician (b. 1662)

1749

  • February 1 – Françoise-Marie de Bourbon, youngest daughter of Louis XIV (b. 1677)
  • February 8 – Jan van Huysum, Dutch painter (b. 1682)
  • February 11 – Philip Livingston, American politician (b. 1686)
  • April 14 – Balthasar Denner, German artist (b. 1685)
  • May 11 – Catharine Trotter Cockburn, English novelist, dramatist, and philosopher (b. 1674)
  • May 28 – Pierre Subleyras, French painter (b. 1699)
  • June 18 – Ambrose Philips, English poet (b. 1675)
  • July 1 – William Jones, Welsh mathematician (b. 1675)[187]
  • July 12
    • Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois, Governor of New France (b. c.1671)
    • George Carpenter, 2nd Baron Carpenter of England (b. 1702)
  • July 23 – Ingeborg i Mjärhult, Swedish soothsayer (b. 1665)
  • August 13 – Johann Elias Schlegel, German critic, poet (b. 1719)
  • August 29 – Matthias Bel, Hungarian pastor, polymath (b. 1684)
Émilie du Châtelet
  • September 10 – Émilie du Châtelet, French mathematician, physicist (b. 1706)
  • September 14 – Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham, English soldier, politician (b. 1675)
  • October 4 – Baron Franz von der Trenck, Austrian soldier (b. 1711)
  • October 9 – Luís da Cunha, Ambassador of Portugal (b. 1662)
  • November 14 – Maruyama Gondazaemon, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1713)
  • November 19 – Carl Heinrich Biber, German violinist and composer (b. 1681)
  • December 4 – Claudine Guérin de Tencin, French salon holder (b. 1682)
  • December 5 – Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye, French-Canadian explorer and trader (b. 1685)
  • December 19 – Francesco Antonio Bonporti, Italian priest and composer (b. 1672)
  • December 25 – John Lindsay, 20th Earl of Crawford, British Army general (b. 1702)
  • date unknown – Maria Oriana Galli-Bibiena, Italian painter (b. 1656)

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