1596

October 24–26: Battle of Keresztes
1596 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1596
MDXCVI
Ab urbe condita2349
Armenian calendar1045
ԹՎ ՌԽԵ
Assyrian calendar6346
Balinese saka calendar1517–1518
Bengali calendar1002–1003
Berber calendar2546
English Regnal year38 Eliz. 1 – 39 Eliz. 1
Buddhist calendar2140
Burmese calendar958
Byzantine calendar7104–7105
Chinese calendar乙未年 (Wood Goat)
4293 or 4086
    — to —
丙申年 (Fire Monkey)
4294 or 4087
Coptic calendar1312–1313
Discordian calendar2762
Ethiopian calendar1588–1589
Hebrew calendar5356–5357
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1652–1653
 - Shaka Samvat1517–1518
 - Kali Yuga4696–4697
Holocene calendar11596
Igbo calendar596–597
Iranian calendar974–975
Islamic calendar1004–1005
Japanese calendarBunroku 5 / Keichō 1
(慶長元年)
Javanese calendar1516–1517
Julian calendarGregorian minus 10 days
Korean calendar3929
Minguo calendar316 before ROC
民前316年
Nanakshahi calendar128
Thai solar calendar2138–2139
Tibetan calendarཤིང་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་
(female Wood-Sheep)
1722 or 1341 or 569
    — to —
མེ་ཕོ་སྤྲེ་ལོ་
(male Fire-Monkey)
1723 or 1342 or 570

1596 (MDXCVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1596th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 596th year of the 2nd millennium, the 96th year of the 16th century, and the 7th year of the 1590s decade. As of the start of 1596, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

January–March

  • January 6 – Drake's Assault on Panama: Sir Francis Drake, General Thomas Baskerville and an English force of 15 ships land at the Atlantic Ocean port of Nombre de Dios in an attempt to capture the Isthmus of Panama.[1]
  • January 20 – Francis Drake, unable to receive a ransom for the town of Nombre de Dios, orders the town and all Spanish ships in harbor to be burned. At the same time, General Baskerville leads 750 men on a mission to clear the Isthmus of Spanish parties.[2]
  • January 27 – With an epidemic of dysentery spreading through the English forces of Drake and Baskerville, Drake orders survivors to retreat to the English ships, anchored off of the island of Escudo de Veraguas. Drake dies of dystentery two days later on his flagship, Defiance.[3]
  • February 11 – Albert of Austria arrives in Brussels to begin his administration as Governor General of the Habsburg Netherlands.
  • February 14 – Archbishop John Whitgift begins building his hospital at Croydon.
  • March 11 – The Battle of Pinos is fought between the English Navy (with 14 warships) and the Spanish Navy (with 13 galleons) off of the coast Cuba's Isla de Pinos, with 325 English Navy men killed or captured, while Spain drives Baskerville's ships to retreat and sustains 80 dead or wounded.[4]
  • March 15 – During Spain's Brittany Campaign during the Anglo-Spanish War, a Spanish ship carrying 25 soldiers invades England after arriving at Cawsand Bay in Cornwall. After starting a fire, the Spanish retreat.[5]

April–June

July–September

  • July 5 – Capture of Cádiz: An English fleet, commanded by Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and Lord Howard of Effingham, sacks Cádiz.
  • July 14 – King Dominicus Corea (Edirille Bandara) is beheaded by the Portuguese in Colombo, Ceylon.
  • July 18 – Queen Elizabeth I of England issues "an open warrant to the Lord Mayor of London and the aldermen and his brethren, and to all other vice-admirals, mayors, and other public officers whatsoever to whom it may appertain" directing that Africans in the realm will be deported. Citing a request from Casper van Senden "to have licence to take up so many blackamoors here in this realm and to transport them into Spain and Portugal," the Queen notes that "Her majesty... considering the reasonableness of his request to transport so many blackamoors from hence, doth think it a very good exchange and that those kind of people may be well spared in this realm being so populous and numbers of able persons the subjects of the land and Christian people that perish for want of service, whereby through their labor they might be maintained."[6][7]
  • August 18 – The siege of the Dutch city of Hulst is completed after a month as Spanish forces under the command of Albert, son of the late Holy Roman Emperor Maxmimilan II, force the surrender of the city.
  • August 29 – The coronation of Christian IV as King of Denmark and King of Norway takes place at the Vor Frue Kirke cathedral in Copenhagen. The Bishop of Zealand, Peder Virstrup, places the crown upon the head of King Christian IV, who had become the monarch in 1588 at the age of 11.
  • August – David Fabricius discovers the variable nature of the star Mira.
  • September 20 – Diego de Montemayor founds the city of Monterrey, Mexico.

October–December

  • October 10 – The Union of Brest: The Ukrainian Church west of the Dnieper becomes known as the Ukrainian Rite of Catholicism, whereas the East officially renounces the authority of the Pope.[8]
  • October 18 – The Second Armada, a Spanish fleet sent to attack England in revenge for the raid on Cadiz, is wrecked in storms off Cape Finisterre; nearly 5,000 men and 44 ships are lost including five galleons
  • October 19 – The Spanish galleon San Felipe founders in Japan, leading to 26 Christians being martyred the next year.
  • October 26 – Battle of Keresztes: The Ottoman Empire Turks defeat a combined Habsburg–Transylvanian army, after two days of fighting: .[9]
  • November 25 – The Cudgel War begins in Finland (at the time part of Sweden), when poor peasants rise up against the troops, nobles and cavalry who have taxed them.[10]
  • December 5 – Damat Ibrahim Pasha is appointed the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Mehmed III for the second time in less than a year, replacing Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha, who succeeded him on October 27.
  • December 8 – In Japan, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Chancellor of the Realm, orders the arrest of the 26 Roman Catholic Christians who had the misfortune of being shipwrecked in Kyoto on October 19; each of the ones arrested has a part of the left ear cut off, then sent on a forced march to Nagasaki on January 4, then has them killed on February 5.
  • December 31 – King Henry IV of France (who was originally King Henry III of the Kingdom of Navarre) declares Navarre to be permanently separate of France.

Date unknown

  • The first water closet, by Sir John Harington, is installed in a manor near Kelston in England.
  • King Sigismund III Vasa moves the capital of Poland from Kraków to Warsaw.
  • Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, is founded.
  • The Black Death hits parts of Europe.
  • The fourth of a five year run of poor harvests, largely caused by the weather, a pattern typical of the last third of the century. This causes famine throughout Europe, which leads to food riots in Britain.[11]
  • The Serb Uprising of 1596–97 begins.


Births

Jan van Goyen
René Descartes
Emperor Go-Mizunoo

January–June

  • January 1 – Elizabeth Ribbing, Swedish noble (d. 1662)
  • January 13 – Jan van Goyen, Dutch painter (d. 1656)
  • February 2
    • Jacob van Campen, Dutch artist and architect of the Golden Age (d. 1657)
    • Carew Mildmay, Member of the Parliament of England (d. 1676)
  • February 3 – Brás Garcia de Mascarenhas, soldier, poet and writer (d. 1656)
  • February 8 – Louis Giry, French lawyer, classical scholar (d. 1665)
  • February 27 – Johan Stiernhöök, Swedish lawyer (d. 1675)
  • March 1 – Duke Frederick of Saxe-Weimar, German prince and colonel (d. 1622)
  • March 10 – Princess Maria Elizabeth of Sweden (d. 1618)
  • March 11 – Isaac Elzevir, Dutch printer and publisher (d. 1651)
  • March 16 – Ebba Brahe, Swedish countess (d. 1674)
  • March 24 – Elizabeth of Hesse-Kassel, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Gütsrow (d. 1625)
  • March 26 – Catherine Henriette de Bourbon, French noble (d. 1663)
  • March 31 – René Descartes, French philosopher and mathematician (d. 1650)[12]
  • April 8 – Juan van der Hamen, Spanish artist (d. 1631)
  • April 11 – Moritz Gudenus, German Catholic preacher (d. 1680)
  • May 9 – Abraham van Diepenbeeck, Dutch painter (d. 1675)
  • May 21 – John Louis II, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein (d. 1605)
  • June 5 – Peter Wtewael, Dutch painter (d. 1660)
  • June 6 – Michel Particelli d'Émery, French politician (d. 1650)
  • June 23 – Johan Banér, Swedish field marshal in the Thirty Years' War (d. 1641)
  • June 27 – Maximilian, Prince of Dietrichstein, German prince (d. 1655)
  • June 29 – Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan (d. 1680)

July–December

Date unknown

  • Francesco Buonamici, Italian architect, painter and engraver (d. 1677)[16]
  • John Dury, Scottish-born Calvinist minister (d. 1680)
  • Franz von Hatzfeld, Prince-Bishop of Würzburg (d. 1642)
  • Lucas Holstenius, German humanist (d. 1661)
  • Georg Jenatsch, Swiss political leader (d. 1639)
  • Richard Mather, American clergyman (d. 1669)
  • Horio Tadaharu, Japanese warlord (d. 1633)
  • Pocahontas, Algonquian (Native American) princess (d. 1617)

Deaths

Sir Francis Drake
Hattori Hanzō

References

  1. ^ David Marley, Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere (ABC-CLIO, 2008) pp. 136–137
  2. ^ Kenneth R. Andrews, The Last Voyage of Drake and Hawkins (Routledge, 2017) pp. 204–05
  3. ^ John Sugden, Sir Francis Drake (Penguin Books, 2004) pp. 313
  4. ^ Cesáreo Fernández Duro, Armada Española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón (Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, 1898) p. 115
  5. ^ John Daniell, A Compendium of the History of Cornwall (Netherton & Worth, 1880) p. 156
  6. ^ "Elizabeth I, Letters Permitting Deportation of Blackamoors from England, Acts of the Privy Council, Vol. 26 (1596-97), ed. John Roche Dasent (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1902)", in "Othello" A Broadview Internet Shakespeare Edition (Broadview Press, 2017) pp.299-300
  7. ^ Emily C. Bartels (April 2006). "Too Many Blackamoors: Deportation, Discrimination, and Elizabeth I". SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900. 46 (2). Rice University: 305–322. doi:10.1353/sel.2006.0012. JSTOR 3844644. S2CID 154728438. In 1596, Queen Elizabeth issued an 'open letter' to the Lord Mayor of London, announcing that 'there are of late divers black-moores brought into this realme, of which kinde of people there aire allready here to manie,' and ordering that they be deported from the country.
  8. ^ George Nedungatt (2001). The Synod of Diamper Revisited. Pontificio Istituto Orientale. p. 137. ISBN 978-88-7210-331-9.
  9. ^ William J. Griswold (1983). The Great Anatolian Rebellion, 1000-1020/1591-1611. K. Schwarz. p. 17. ISBN 978-3-922968-34-4.
  10. ^ "Jaakko Ilkka's biography". Archived from the original on June 5, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  11. ^ Stratton, J.M. (1969). Agricultural Records. John Baker. ISBN 0-212-97022-4.
  12. ^ John Cottingham (September 25, 1992). The Cambridge Companion to Descartes. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-521-36696-0.
  13. ^ The Ukrainian Review. Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain, Limited. 1966. p. 28.
  14. ^ Ronald H. Fritze; William B. Robison (1996). Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603-1689. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-313-28391-8.
  15. ^ Jolande van der Klis (2000). The Essential Guide to Dutch Music: 100 Composers and Their Work. Amsterdam University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-90-5356-460-8.
  16. ^ Oechslin, Werner (1972). "BUONAMICI, Francesco". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 15. Archived from the original on January 23, 2020.
  17. ^ Neville Williams (1973). Francis Drake. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-297-76685-8.
  18. ^ R. W. Lamb (1998). Annales Phaedriani, 1596-1996. R.W. Lamb. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-9533361-0-4.
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