10th century

Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 10th century

The 10th century was the period from 901 (represented by the Roman numerals CMI) through 1000 (M) in accordance with the Julian calendar, and the last century of the 1st millennium.

In China, the Song dynasty was established, with most of China reuniting after the fall of the Tang dynasty and the following Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The Muslim World experienced a cultural zenith, especially in al-Andalus under the Caliphate of Córdoba and in the Samanid Empire under Ismail Samani. The Abbasid Caliphate continued to exist but with reduced central authority. Additionally, there was a cultural flourishing for the Byzantine Empire, which also reconquered some lost territories, and the First Bulgarian Empire, as well as the Holy Roman Empire during the Ottonian Renaissance. The historian Lynn White mentions of the period that "to the modern eye, it is very nearly the darkest of the Dark Ages ... if it was dark, it was the darkness of the womb".[1] Caesar Baronius described it as the Iron Century, because it was 'iron in its harshness and in its sterility of goodness', while Lorenzo Valla gave it the similar name "Age of Lead and Iron".[2]: 2 

Events

  • c. 950: The beginning of the Medieval Warm Period.[3]

Africa

Americas

Asia

This statue of a yogini goddess was created in Kaveripakkam in Tamil Nadu, India, during the 10th century.
  • Buddhist temple construction commences at Bagan, Burma
  • Seafarers and merchants from Champa had contacts with Brunei and Ma-i.[4]
  • 907: Zhu Quanzhong deposes Emperor Ai of Tang and establishes a new Later Liang dynasty.
  • 907: Sumbing volcano erupts, according to Rukam inscription.
    China in 923, during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
  • 907: King Balitung creates the Mantyasih inscription containing the list of Mataram kings, moves the capital from Mamratipura to Poh Pitu, and expands Prambanan temple.
  • 910: Parantaka I of the Chola dynasty drives out the Pandyan from southern India into Lanka (now Sri Lanka), which he also eventually conquers.
  • 914: The Warmadewa dynasty rules Bali.[5]
  • 919: the first use of gunpowder in battle occurs with the Chinese Battle of Langshan Jiang (Wolf Mountain River), where the Wuyue naval fleet under Qian Yuanguan defeats the Wu fleet. Qian had used flamethrowers ignited by gunpowder fuses to burn the Wu fleet.
  • 928: Ziyarid dynasty is established in northern Iran.
  • 928: During the reign of King Wawa, the capital of Mataram kingdom in Kewu Plain is devastated, probably by the massive eruption of Mount Merapi.
  • 929: Mpu Sindok moves the seat of power of the Mataram Kingdom from Kewu Plain in Central Java to Tamwlang in East Java and establishes Isyana dynasty. The shift is probably as a result of the eruption of Mount Merapi and/or invasion from Srivijaya.[6]
  • 930s: Persian Shia Buyid dynasty establishes and controls central and western part of Iran as well as most of Iraq.
  • 936: Goryeo dynasty unifies Later Three Kingdoms of Korea.
  • 938: Battle of Bạch Đằng with a victory for the Tĩnh Hải Quân forces under the rule of Ngô Quyền put an end to nearly 1,000 years of Chinese imperial domination in Vietnam and marked a new beginning to the Vietnamese history.[7]
  • 937: Mpu Sindok moves the capital again from Tamwlang to Watugaluh, both near bank of Brantas River in modern Jombang in East Java.
  • 960: Zhao Kuangyin establishes Song dynasty.
  • 960: Seljuks convert to Islam.
  • 965: Khazar kingdom is attacked and defeated by Kievan Rus.
  • 971: Song dynasty recorded the ancient sovereign state of Ma-i on the list of states conducting trade in the south seas and the government's efforts to regulate and tax this "luxurious" trade.
  • 975: Ghaznavids dynasty, as the first Turk Sultanate, was established in Central Asia.
  • 979: Song dynasty reunites China.
  • 980: Dynastic marriage between princess Mahendradatta of Javanese Isyanas and king Udayana of Balinese Warmadewas.
  • Coastal cities on the Malay Peninsula are the seed for the first recorded Malay kingdoms.
  • 990: King Dharmawangsa of Mataram kingdom launches a naval invasion on Palembang in an unsuccessful attempt to conquer Srivijaya. (to 1006)
  • 990: Airlangga, son of King Udayana and Queen Mahendradatta was born in Bali.
  • 996: Dharmawangsa commissioned the translation of the Mahabharata into Old Javanese.[8]
  • 999: Samanid dynasty was defeated and conquered by Ghaznavids.

Europe

The Bulgarian victory at Anchialos.

Oceania

  • c. 950: Formation of the Tu'i Tonga Empire and of the Tuʻi Tonga dynasty in Tonga.

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Earliest known representation of a gun (a fire lance) and a grenade (upper right), from the cave murals of Dunhuang, China, 10th century.
  • 10th century–12th century: Seated Guaryin Bodhisattva, is made during the Liao dynasty. It is now kept at The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri.
  • Construction begins on the Brihadeeswarar Temple of India, during the reign of Rajaraja Chola I.
  • The first pound lock is invented by the Chinese engineer Qiao Weiyo, improving the canal lock system.
  • Fire arrows are invented by the Chinese.
  • Earliest known occurrence in Mexico of Lost-wax casting.
  • Three of the Four Great Books of Song are published (the last one in 1013), which were enormous Chinese encyclopedias having millions of written Chinese characters each.
  • Hops first mentioned in connection with beer brewing.
  • Zhang Sixun of China uses for the first time liquid mercury (element) instead of water to power the escapement mechanism rotating an armillary sphere, since liquid mercury does not freeze easily like water during winter, and does not rust metal parts.

Notes

  1. ^ Quoted in The Tenth Century: How Dark the Dark Ages?, edited by Robert Sabatino Lopez. Holt, Rinehart and Winston: 1959.
  2. ^ Barrow, Julia. "Authority and Reform. Historiographical Frameworks for Understanding Tenth and Eleventh-Century Bishops." The Medieval Low Countries 6 (2019): 9-25.
  3. ^ E. Mann, Michael (2009). "Global Signatures and Dynamical Origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly" (PDF). Science. 326 (5957): 1257. Bibcode:2009Sci...326.1256M. doi:10.1126/science.1177303. PMID 19965474. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  4. ^ "Asian maritime & trade chronology to 1700 CE". Maritime Asia.
  5. ^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.52
  6. ^ Spuler, Bertold; F.R.C. Bagley (31 December 1981). The Muslim world : a historical survey, Part 4. Brill Archive. p. 252. ISBN 978-90-04-06196-5.
  7. ^ Ngô Sĩ Liên (1993), Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, page 53, Peripheral Records vol. 5, "Kỷ Nam Bắc Phân Tranh"
  8. ^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.51

Further reading

  • Heinrich Fichtenau: Living in the Tenth century: Mentalities and Social Orders (transl. Patrick J. Geary; Chicago cool London: 1991).
  • Raita Steyn. (2019). Gudit, a Jewish Queen of Aksum? Some Considerations on the Sources and Modern Scholarship, and the Use of Legends. Journal for Semitics. 28. 10.25159/2663-6573/6003.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.