1799

November 9: Napoleon overthrows the French Directory, ends French Revolution with the Coup of 18 Brumaire.
July 15: French Captain Pierre-François Bouchard finds the Rosetta Stone.
1799 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1799
MDCCXCIX
French Republican calendar7–8
VII–VIII
Ab urbe condita2552
Armenian calendar1248
ԹՎ ՌՄԽԸ
Assyrian calendar6549
Balinese saka calendar1720–1721
Bengali calendar1205–1206
Berber calendar2749
British Regnal year39 Geo. 3 – 40 Geo. 3
Buddhist calendar2343
Burmese calendar1161
Byzantine calendar7307–7308
Chinese calendar戊午年 (Earth Horse)
4496 or 4289
    — to —
己未年 (Earth Goat)
4497 or 4290
Coptic calendar1515–1516
Discordian calendar2965
Ethiopian calendar1791–1792
Hebrew calendar5559–5560
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1855–1856
 - Shaka Samvat1720–1721
 - Kali Yuga4899–4900
Holocene calendar11799
Igbo calendar799–800
Iranian calendar1177–1178
Islamic calendar1213–1214
Japanese calendarKansei 11
(寛政１１年)
Javanese calendar1725–1726
Julian calendarGregorian minus 11 days
Korean calendar4132
Minguo calendar113 before ROC
民前113年
Nanakshahi calendar331
Thai solar calendar2341–2342
Tibetan calendarས་ཕོ་རྟ་ལོ་
(male Earth-Horse)
1925 or 1544 or 772
    — to —
ས་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་
(female Earth-Sheep)
1926 or 1545 or 773
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1799.
September 25: Second Battle of Zurich

1799 (MDCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1799th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 799th year of the 2nd millennium, the 99th year of the 18th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1790s decade. As of the start of 1799, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

January–March

April–June

  • April 16 – French Revolutionary Wars: At the Battle of Mount Tabor severely outnumbered French forces repulse an Ottoman attack.
  • April 27 – French Revolutionary Wars: The Battle of Cassano takes place outside of Milan, as Russian and Austrian troops commanded by General Alexander Suvorov rout the French Army under the command of General Jean Moreau.
  • April 28 – Two French diplomats to the Second Congress of Rastatt are killed and another badly injured by Austrian cavalry, as they tried to leave the town. An inquiry was held, which blamed French emigres.
  • May 4 – Battle of Seringapatam: Tipu Sultan is defeated and killed by the British, ending the captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam ends and concluding the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.
  • May 21 – The Siege of Acre ends after two months; Napoleon's attempt to widen his Middle Eastern campaign into Syria is frustrated by Ottoman forces, and he withdraws to Egypt.
  • May 27 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Winterthur – Habsburg forces secure control of north-east Switzerland from the French Army of the Danube.
  • June 7 – War of the Second Coalition: First Battle of Zurich – Four days of fighting ends in victory for Archduke Charles and the Austrian army over the French army under André Masséna.
  • June 13 – Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies is restored to his kingdom following the collapse of the Parthenopean Republic.
  • June 17 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of the Trebbia – The beginning of the battle that marked the debacle of Étienne Macdonald's French army. Suvorov scores a comprehensive victory.
  • June 18 – French Revolutionary Wars: Action of 18 June 1799 – A French frigate squadron, under Rear-admiral Perrée, is captured by the British fleet under Lord Keith, off Toulon.

July–September

  • July 7 – Ranjit Singh's men take their positions outside Lahore.
  • July 12 – Ranjit Singh captures Lahore from the Bhangi Misl, a key step in establishing the Sikh Empire, and becoming Maharaja of the Punjab.
  • July 15 – In the Egyptian port city of Rosetta, French Captain Pierre Bouchard finds the Rosetta Stone.
  • July 25 – At Aboukir, Egypt, Napoleon defeats 10,000 Ottoman Mamluk troops under Mustafa Pasha.
  • August 15 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Novi – the defeat of Barthélemy Joubert's army by Suvorov's Austrian–Russian troops.
  • August 27 – War of the Second Coalition: Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland – Britain and Russia send an expedition to the Batavian Republic.
  • August 29 – Pope Pius VI, at this time the longest reigning Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church, dies as a prisoner of war in the citadel of the French city of Valence, after 24½ years of rule.
  • August 30 – Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland: Vlieter Incident – A squadron of the Batavian Republic's navy, commanded by Rear-Admiral Samuel Story, surrenders to the British Royal Navy, under Sir Ralph Abercromby and Admiral Sir Charles Mitchell, near Wieringen, without joining action.
  • September 10 – Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland: Battle of Krabbendam – The Russo-British expedition force defends its initial gains from attacks by Franco-Dutch forces.[3]
  • September 18 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Mannheim – Victory of Archduke Charles and the Austrian army over a French force under Jacques Léonard Muller
  • September 19 – Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland: Battle of Bergen – Franco-Dutch forces hold their ground against the Russo-British expedition force.
  • September 23 – Frederick North, 5th Earl of Guilford, the Governor of British Ceylon (modern-day Sri Lanka), issues a proclamation declaring that the laws of the Netherlands for the conquered Dutch Ceylon shall be enforced until superseded by new laws.[4]
  • September 29 – The Second Roman Republic, a puppet state formed by the French Army after their dissolution of the Papal States and the occupation of Rome, is dissolved 19 months after its creation on February 15, 1798.[5]
  • September 30 – Suvorov's Swiss campaign: Battle of Muottental – the rout of Masséna's French troops by Suvorov's army.

October–December

  • October 2 – Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland: Battle of Alkmaar – The Russo-British expedition force wins a small tactical victory over the Franco-Dutch forces.
  • October 6 – Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland: Battle of Castricum – Franco-Dutch forces defeat the Russo-British expedition force.[6]
  • October 9 – HMS Lutine (a famous treasure wreck) is sunk in the West Frisian Islands.
  • October 12 – Jeanne Geneviève Labrosse becomes the first woman to jump from a balloon with a parachute, from an altitude of 900 metres (3,000 ft) over France.
  • October 16 – War of the Second Coalition: Action of 16 October 1799 – A Spanish treasure convoy worth more than £54,000,000 is captured by the British Royal Navy off Vigo.
  • October 18 – Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland: Anglo-Russian expedition forces surrender in North Holland.
  • November 5 – HMS Sceptre is driven ashore and wrecked in a storm in Table Bay, South Africa, with the loss of 349 and 41 survivors.[7]
  • November 9 – Coup of 18 Brumaire: Napoleon overthrows the French Directory in a coup d'état, which ends the French Revolution.
  • November 10 (19 Brumaire) – A remnant of the Council of Ancients in France abolishes the Constitution of the Year III, and ordains the French Consulate with Napoleon as First Consul, with the Constitution of the Year VIII.
  • November 30 – 1799–1800 Papal conclave opens in Venice at San Giorgio Monastery.
  • December 3 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Wiesloch: Austrian Lieutenant Field Marshal Anton Sztáray defeats the French at Wiesloch.
  • December 10 – France adopts the metre as its official unit of length.
  • December 14 – George Washington, first President of the United States, dies at Mount Vernon, Virginia, aged 67.
  • December 31 – The Dutch East India Company's charter is allowed to expire by the Batavian Republic.

Date unknown

  • The Place Royale in Paris is renamed Place des Vosges, when the Department of Vosges becomes the first to pay new Revolutionary taxes.
  • Eli Whitney, holding a 1798 United States government contract for the manufacture of muskets, is introduced by Oliver Wolcott Jr. to the concept of interchangeable parts, an origin of the American system of manufacturing.[8]
  • Conrad John Reed, 12, finds what he describes as a "heavy yellow rock" along Little Meadow Creek in Cabarrus County, North Carolina, and makes it a doorstop in his home. Conrad's father John Reed learns that the rock is actually gold in 1802, initiating the first gold rush in the United States.
  • The assassination of the 14th Tu'i Kanokupolu, Tukuʻaho, Tonga begins half a century of civil war in Tonga.
  • The Nawab (provincial governor) of Oudh in northern India sends to George III of Great Britain the Padshah Nama, an official history of the reign of Shah Jahan.
  • William Cockerill begins building cotton-spinning machinery in Belgium.
  • The small town of Tignish, Prince Edward Island, Canada is founded.

Births

January–June

Carl Adolph von Basedow
Honoré de Balzac
Alexander Pushkin

July–December

  • July 4 – King Oscar I of Sweden and Norway (d. 1859)[13]
  • July 6 – Michael Thomas Bass, English brewer (d. 1884)
  • August 12
    • Francis Abbott, Australian astronomer (d. 1883)
    • Patrick MacDowell, Irish sculptor (d. 1870)
  • September 1 – Ferenc Gyulay, Hungarian nobleman, general and governor (d. 1868)
  • September 8 – James Bowman Lindsay, Scottish inventor (d. 1862)
  • September 10 – George Willison Adams, American abolitionist (d. 1879)
  • October 1 – John Brown Russwurm, Americo-Liberian journalist and governor of the African Republic of Maryland (d. 1851)[14]
  • October 18 – Christian Friedrich Schönbein, German chemist (d. 1868)
  • October 26 – Margaret Agnes Bunn, British actress (d. 1883)
  • November 1 – Thomas Baldwin Marsh, American religious leader (d. 1866)
  • November 7 – James Syme, Scottish medical reformer (d. 1870)
  • November 29 – Amos Bronson Alcott, American philosopher, educator and writer, father of novelist Louisa May Alcott (d. 1888)[15]
  • December 3 – Peggy Eaton, born Margaret O'Neill, wife of United States Secretary of State John Eaton and central character in the Petticoat affair (d. 1879)
  • December 25 – Manuel Bulnes, Chilean general and politician, President of Chile (d. 1866)

Date unknown

  • James Townsend Saward, English barrister, forger
  • Domnița Rallou Caragea, Greek princess, independence activist (d. 1870)

Deaths

January–June

Qianlong Emperor
Tipu Sultan
  • January 9 – Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Italian mathematician (b. 1718)
  • January 18 – Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz, Luxembourgish botanist (b. 1722)
  • January 22 – Horace-Bénédict de Saussure, Swiss aristocrat, alpinist (b. 1740)
  • January 26 – Gabriel Christie (British Army officer), British Army general (b. 1722)
  • February 6 – Étienne-Louis Boullée, French architect (b. 1728)
  • February 7 – Qianlong Emperor of China (b. 1711)
  • February 9 – Johann Baptist Babel, Swiss sculptor (b. 1716)
  • February 12
    • František Xaver Dušek, Czech composer (b. 1731)
    • Lazzaro Spallanzani, Italian biologist, physiologist (b. 1729)
  • February 16 – Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria (b. 1724)
  • February 19 – Jean-Charles de Borda, French mathematician, physicist, political scientist and sailor (b. 1733)
  • February 22 – Heshen, Manchu official under Qianlong (b. 1750)
  • February 24 – Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, German scientist, satirist and Anglophile (b. 1742)[16]
  • March 13 – Richard Hotham, English property developer and politician (b. 1722)
  • March 17 – Sir Charles Thompson, 1st Baronet, British admiral, politician (b. c. 1740)
  • March 18
    • Charles Guillaume Le Normant d'Étiolles, French official, husband of Madame de Pompadour (b. 1717)
    • Adam Friedrich Oeser, German etcher (b. 1717)
  • March 28 – Etta Palm d'Aelders, Dutch-French feminist (b. 1743)
  • March 29 – Helena Dorothea von Schönberg, German industrialist (b. 1729)
  • April 3 – Pierre Charles Le Monnier, French astronomer (b. 1715)
  • April 6 – Alexander Bezborodko, Grand Chancellor of Russia, architect of Catherine the Great's foreign policy (b. 1747)
  • April 28 – Matthew Griswold, 17th Governor of Connecticut (1784–1786) (b. 1714)
  • May 2 – Guemes Padilla Horcasitas, Viceroy of New Spain (b. 1740)
  • May 4 – Tipu Sultan, Indian warrior and ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, killed in battle (b. 1750)[17]
  • May 18 – Pierre Beaumarchais, French writer (b. 1732)[18]
  • May 22 – Toypurina, Medicine woman of the Tongva nation and rebel leader (b. 1750)
  • May 26 – James Burnett, Lord Monboddo, Scottish jurist (b. 1714)
  • May 30 – Robert McQueen, Lord Braxfield, Scottish advocate and judge (b. 1722)
  • June 6 – Patrick Henry, American revolutionary politician, Governor of Virginia (b. 1736)[19]
  • June 7 – Victoire of France, French princess (b.1733)
  • June 10 – Chevalier de Saint-Georges, Guadeloupe-born French musician (b. 1745)
  • June 24 – Dunbar Douglas, 4th Earl of Selkirk, Scottish peer (b. 1722)
  • June 30 – Francesco Caracciolo, Neapolitan admiral, revolutionist (b. 1752)

July–December

Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier
George Washington
  • July 7 – William Curtis, English botanist, entomologist (b. 1746)
  • August 2 – Jacques Étienne Montgolfier, French inventor of the hot-air balloon, balloonist (b. 1744)
  • August 4 – John Bacon, British sculptor (b. 1740)
  • August 5 – Richard Howe, British admiral (b. 1726)
  • August 15 – Barthélemy Catherine Joubert, French general (b. 1769)
  • August 29 – Pope Pius VI (b. 1717)
  • August 31 – Nicolas-Henri Jardin, French architect (b. 1720)
  • September 7
    • Jan Ingenhousz, Dutch physician, physiologist, biologist and chemist (b. 1730)
    • Louis Guillaume Lemonnier, French botanist (b. 1717)
  • October 6 – William Withering, British physician (b. 1741)
  • October 9 – Pierre Pigneau de Behaine, French priest who helped to establish the Nguyễn dynasty (b. 1741)
  • October 20 – James Iredell, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1751)
  • October 24 – Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf, Austrian composer (b. 1739)
  • November 22 – Judith van Dorth, Dutch orangist (b. 1747)
  • November 23 – Mark Robinson (Royal Navy officer), Royal Navy admiral (b. 1722)
  • December 6 – Joseph Black, Scottish physician, physicist and chemist (b. 1728)
  • December 14 – George Washington, military leader of the American Revolution, president of the Constitutional Convention (1787) and 1st President of the United States (b. 1732)
  • December 18 – Jean-Étienne Montucla, French mathematician (b. 1725)
  • December 31 – Jean-François Marmontel, French historian and writer (b. 1723)[20]

References

  1. ^ Greenberg, Michael (1969). British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800–42. Cambridge Studies in Economic History. Cambridge University Press. p. 29.
  2. ^ "Historical Events for Year 1799 | OnThisDay.com". Historyorb.com. October 12, 1799. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
  3. ^ * (in Dutch) Krayenhoff, C.R.T. (1832) Geschiedkundige Beschouwing van den Oorlog op het grondgebied der Bataafsche Republiek in 1799. J.C. Vieweg [1] Archived November 12, 2022, at the Wayback Machine Page=115
  4. ^ Nadaraja, T. (1972). The Legal System of Ceylon in Its Historical Setting. E. J. Brill. p. 181.
  5. ^ Formica, Marina (2004). "The Protagonists and the Principal Phases of the Roman Republic of 1798 to 1799". In Burton, Deborah; et al. (eds.). Tosca's Prism: Three Moments of Western Cultural History. Northeastern University Press. p. 67.
  6. ^ "not known". International Review of Military History. ICMH, International Commission of Military History: 40. 1984.
  7. ^ "The Autobiography of Sir John Barrow". The United Service Magazine. H. Colburn. 1847. pp. 337. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
  8. ^ Woodbury, Robert S. (1960). "The Legend of Eli Whitney and Interchangeable Parts". Technology and Culture. 1 (3): 235–253. doi:10.2307/3101392. JSTOR 3101392. S2CID 147367529.
  9. ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). "Töpffer, Rodolphe". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 49–50.
  10. ^ Prestage, Edgar (1911). "Garrett, João Baptista da Silva Leitão de Almeida" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). pp. 474–475.
  11. ^ An encyclopedia of British women writers (Rev. and expanded ed.). New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. 1998. p. 1. ISBN 0813525438.
  12. ^ Little, Iain (1984). Honoré de Balzac, Le père Goriot. Harlow: Longman. p. 5. ISBN 9780582781863.
  13. ^ "Oscar I | king of Sweden and Norway". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
  14. ^ James, Winston (2010). The Struggles of John Brown Russwurm. New York, NY: New York University Press. pp. 25, 90, 105. ISBN 978-0-8147-4289-1.
  15. ^ Matteson, John (2007). Eden's Outcasts: The Story of Louisa May Alcott and Her Father. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-393-33359-6.
  16. ^ Lichtenberg, Georg (2012). Georg Christoph Lichtenberg : philosophical writings, selected from the Waste books. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 2. ISBN 9781438441986.
  17. ^ "Tipu Sultan killed at Seringapatam | History Today". www.historytoday.com. Retrieved September 3, 2023.
  18. ^ Sadie, Stanley (2000). Mozart and his operas. London New York: Macmillan Reference Ltd. St. Martin's Press. p. 113. ISBN 9780333790199.
  19. ^ Glass, Andrew (June 6, 2018). "Patrick Henry dies in Virginia at age 63, June 6, 1799". POLITICO. Retrieved September 3, 2023.
  20. ^ Mueller von Asow; Erich Hermann; Mueller von Asow (1962). Collected Correspondence and Papers. Barrie and Rockliff. p. 67.
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