1820s

From top left, clockwise: Ludwig van Beethoven re-emerged as a popular composer during this decade, when his iconic Symphony No. 9 is first performed in Vienna in 1824. The First Industrial Revolution achieves peak momentum for the West, as depicted in this engraving of a textile factory operating in Manchester, arguably England's industrial hub of the 19th century; The world's oldest photograph was taken in 1826, as seen above. The decade was the start of daguerreotype development – an instrument used for motion-picture capturing and was a precursor instrument to the camera; South American wars of independence were on full swing, as countries like Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, and Uruguay gained their independence at this era; a turning point for regional politics, and heavily influenced South America's contemporary socio-political conditions; Crowds gather to witness the opening of the world's first railway – the Stockton and Darlington Railway – as it formally commenced in 1825; The world's first electric motor was created by Hungarian engineer Ányos Jedlik. His invention would drive to form modern-day knowledge and utilization of electricity, and forged way for studies on electrochemistry and engineering to grow; Antarctica was discovered and explored for the first time. Its inaugural expedition into continental waters was led by a Russian crew headed by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, in 1819 to 1821; As European colonialism began gaining ground in Africa and Asia, opposition from affected/exploited societies resulted, with wars such as the Java War.

The 1820s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1820, and ended on December 31, 1829.

It saw the rise of the First Industrial Revolution. Photography, rail transport, and the textile industry were among those that largely developed and grew prominent over the decade, as technology advanced significantly. European colonialism began gaining ground in Africa and Asia, and trade with the Qing Dynasty began to open up more towards foreign traders, particularly those from Europe. As European imperialism gained momentum, opposition from affected/exploited societies resulted, with wars such as the Java War and the Greek War of Independence. Resistance in the form of separatism and nationalism (particularly in the Spanish American wars of independence) led to the independence of many countries around the world, such as Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia.

Politics and wars

The Greek War of Independence and the Russo-Turkish War were two of the decade's more important conflicts. Meanwhile, colonialism in Africa had just begun to accelerate, and global trade between Asian powers (e.g. the Qing Dynasty) with European powers (mainly the British and French empires) increased substantially. In South America, states such as Bolivia, Peru, and Brazil gained independence from the Spanish Empire and Portuguese Empire.

Global

  • 1820: Anchor coinage is issued for use in some British colonies.

East Asia

Indonesia

Main article: Dutch East Indies
  • 1824 – The Dutch sign the Masang Agreement, temporarily ending hostilities in the Padri War in West Sumatra.
Java War

The Java War (also known as the "Diponegoro War") was fought in Java between 1825 and 1830. It started as a rebellion led by Prince Diponegoro after the Dutch decided to build a road across a piece of his property that contained his parents' tomb.

The troops of Prince Diponegoro were very successful in the beginning, controlling the middle of Java and besieging Yogyakarta. Furthermore, the Javanese population was supportive of Prince Diponegoro's cause, whereas the Dutch colonial authorities were initially very indecisive. As the Java war prolonged, Prince Diponegoro had difficulties in maintaining the numbers of his troops. Prince Diponegoro started a fierce guerrilla war and it was not until 1827 that the Dutch army gained the upper hand. The Dutch colonial army was able to fill its ranks with troops from Sulawesi, and later on from the Netherlands.

The rebellion finally ended in 1830, after Prince Diponegoro was tricked into entering Dutch custody near Magelang, believing he was there for negotiations for a possible cease-fire. It is estimated that 200,000[1] died over the course of the conflict, 8,000 being Dutch.[1]

Malaysia

Main article: British Malaya
  • November 1821 - Siamese invasion of Kedah – The Siamese forces of King Rama II achieved a rapid victory against those of Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Halim Shah II of Kedah, in what is now northern Malaysia. The campaign initiated a period of two decades in which Kedah resisted Siamese control. The Sultan took refuge on Penang Island, then under British control.[2] By 1822 there was a rise in the population of the British territories caused by an influx of Malays displaced by the invasion.[3]
  • 1826 – The Burney Treaty allowed the Siamese view of their rights to prevail in Kelah.[4]
  • 1826 – The British crown colony of the Straits Settlements is established in what is now Malaysia and Singapore.

Vietnam

Main article: Nguyen dynasty

Laos

  • 1827: King Anouvong of Vientiane declares war on Siam and successfully attacks Nakhon Ratchasima.
  • 1828 Siamese-Lao War: The Siamese invade and sack the city of Vientiane.
  • November 12, 1828: Anouvong is deposed and his kingdom is annexed by Siam. Large forced population transfers are made from Laos to the more securely held area of Isan, and the Lao mueang is divided into smaller units to prevent another uprising.

Burma

  • 1824–1826: The First Anglo-Burmese War ended in a British victory, and by the Treaty of Yandabo, Burma lost territory previously conquered in Assam, Manipur, and Arakan.[5] The British also took possession of Tenasserim with the intention to use it as a bargaining chip in future negotiations with either Burma or Siam.[6]

Brunei

  • 1826–1828: The Bruneian Civil War of 1826 began in 1826, ending in 1828 with the garrote of Muhammad Alam.[7]

Siam (Thailand)

  • 1824–1826 - Rattanakosin Kingdom (Siam): Rama II died in 1824 and was peacefully succeeded by his son Jessadabodindra (Rama III). In 1825 the British sent another mission to Bangkok led by East India Company emissary Henry Burney. They had by now annexed southern Burma and were thus Siam's neighbours to the west, and they were also extending their control over Malaya. The King was reluctant to give in to British demands, but his advisors warned him that Siam would meet the same fate as Burma unless the British were accommodated. In 1826, therefore, Siam concluded its first commercial treaty with a western power, the Burney Treaty. Under the treaty, Siam agreed to establish a uniform taxation system, to reduce taxes on foreign trade and to abolish some of the royal monopolies. As a result, Siam's trade increased rapidly, many more foreigners settled in Bangkok, and western cultural influences began to spread. The kingdom became wealthier and its army better armed.

Australia

  • 1824 – The name Australia, recommended by Matthew Flinders in 1804, is finally adopted as the official name of the country once known as New Holland.
  • September 13, 1824 – With his crew and 29 convicts aboard the Amity, John Oxley arrives at and founds the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement at what is now Redcliffe in Queensland, Australia, after leaving Sydney.
  • December 25, 1826 – Major Edmund Lockyer arrives at King George Sound to take possession of the western part of Australia, establishing a settlement near Albany.
  • June 3, 1829 – The Swan River Colony (later to become the cities of Perth and Fremantle) is founded in Western Australia. This secures the western 'third' of the Australian landmass for the British.
  • August 12, 1829 – Mrs. Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the ship Sulphur, cuts down a tree to mark the day of the founding of the town of Perth, Western Australia.

Central Asia

South Asia

  • Siege of Bharatpur – India (9 December 1825 – 18 January 1826) ended in British victory.
  • December 4, 1829 – India: In the face of fierce opposition, British Lord William Bentinck carries a regulation declaring that all who abet sati in India are guilty of culpable homicide.

Western Asia

  • October 1, 1827 – Russo-Persian War, 1826–1828: The Russians under Ivan Paskevich storm Yerevan, ending a millennium of Muslim domination in Eastern Armenia.
  • February 22, 1828 –Treaty of Turkmenchay: Russian-Persian peace treaty: Russia captures Eastern Armenia from Persia.

Europe

Russo-Turkish War

Eastern Europe

Northern Europe

Central Europe

  • October 25, 1820 –November 20 – The Congress of Troppau (Opava) is convened between the rulers of Russia, Austria and Prussia.
  • October–December, 1822 – Congress of Verona: Russia, Austria and Prussia approve French intervention in Spain.
  • July 6, 1825 – The Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck gains possession of Glücksburg and changes his title to Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. The line of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg later becomes the royal house of Greece, Denmark and Norway.

Southern Europe

Greek War of Independence
October 20: Naval Battle of Navarino by Ambroise Louis Garneray
Main articles: Greek War of Independence and First Hellenic Republic

At the start of the decade, most of Greece was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, as it had been since 1453, despite frequent revolts.[10] In early 1821, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria instigated several battles that, together with the blessing of a Greek flag and proclamation of uprising by Bishop Germanos of Patras on March 25, marked the beginning of the revolution.[11][12][13] The uprising successfully established a foothold in the Peloponnese, seizing Tripolitsa in September 1821, and had some success in Crete, Macedonia and Central Greece.

Between 1821 and 1824, first and second national assemblies were held, and the constitutions of 1822 and of 1823 were established. However, revolutionary activity was fragmented, resulting in the civil wars of 1824–1825. The Greek side withstood the Turkish attacks because, during this period, the Ottoman military campaigns were periodic and uncoordinated.

That changed when the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and secured most of the peninsula by the end of 1825. He then helped break the siege of Missolonghi. Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani, he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and Athens had been retaken.

Following years of negotiation, three Great Powers, Russia, the United Kingdom and France had come to agree to the formation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty, as stipulated in the Treaty of London. Ottoman refusal to accept these terms led to the Battle of Navarino, which effectively secured complete Greek independence. That year, the Third National Assembly at Troezen established the First Hellenic Republic. With the help of a French expeditionary force, the Greeks drove the Turks out of the Peloponnese and proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828. As a result of years of negotiation, Greece was finally recognized as an independent nation in May 1832.

Western Europe

United Kingdom

In the 1820s, the British government was formally headed by King George IV, but in practice, was led by his prime ministers Lord Liverpool (1812–1827), George Canning (1827), Lord Goderich (1827–1828), and Duke of Wellington (1828–1830). This decade was largely peaceful for Britain, with some foreign intervention. The British supported the Portuguese liberals in the Liberal Wars, and supported Greek rebels in the war for independence. During this time, London became the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Beijing.[14]

Domestic tensions ran high at the start of the decade, with the Peterloo Massacre (1819), the Cato Street Conspiracy (1820), and the Radical War (1820) in Scotland. However, by the end of the 1820s, many repressive laws were repealed. In 1822, Britain repealed the death penalty for over 100 crimes, and punishments such as drawing and quartering and flagellation fell out of use. Seditious Meetings prevention Act (barring large assemblies) and the Combination Act (banning trade unions) were repealed in 1824. The Roman Catholic Relief Act by Parliament of the United Kingdom granted a substantial measure of Catholic emancipation in Britain and Ireland.[8]

France

Africa

Anthony Finley's 1827 map of Africa

North America

British North America

United States

John Melish map of the United States circa 1822

At the beginning of the 1820s, the United States stretched from the Atlantic Ocean through to (roughly) the western edge of the Mississippi basin, though Florida, Michigan, Wisconsin and all present-day states fully west of the Mississippi had yet to be granted statehood. Two states were admitted to the union during this decade: Maine in 1820 and Missouri in 1821. The Adams–Onís Treaty, signed in 1819 and ratified by Spain in 1821, ceded Florida (already conquered by USA in 1818) to the United States, and established a boundary between New Spain and the United States.

Slavery was widespread throughout the southern United States. According to the 1820 U.S. Census, the slave population at that time was 1,538,000.[15] The Missouri Compromise of 1820 prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. By the 1830 U.S. Census, the slave population had risen to 2,009,043.[15] With the coordination of the American Colonization Society, many freed African-Americans repatriated to Africa during this decade to the newly formed colony of Liberia.

The political mood at the start of the 1820s was referred to as the Era of Good Feelings, following the collapse of the Federalist party. James Monroe, the sitting U.S. president since 1817, was re-elected in 1820, virtually unopposed. In 1823, Monroe introduced the Monroe Doctrine in the State of the Union Address, declaring that any European attempts to recolonize the Americas would be considered a hostile act towards the United States.

The feeling of unity during the Monroe administration was dispelled in the presidential election of 1824, which due to an Electoral College stalemate, was decided in the United States House of Representatives. John Quincy Adams was chosen as the sixth U.S. president, despite receiving only 30.9% of the popular vote to Andrew Jackson's 41.3%. This gave rise to Jacksonian Nationalism and the rise of the modern Democratic Party,[16] with Andrew Jackson elected in the 1828 election.

Mexico

Main articles: Mexican War of Independence, First Mexican Empire, and United Mexican States (1824–1864)

After ten years of civil war in Mexico (then called the "Viceroyalty of New Spain") and the death of two of its founders, by early 1820 the Mexican independence movement was stalemated and close to collapse. However, the Army of the Three Guarantees was formed under the command of Colonel Agustín de Iturbide with the support of patriots and loyalists to secure independence for Mexico and the protection of Roman Catholicism. Iturbide's army was joined by rebel forces from all over Mexico, and quickly gained control of Mexico. On August 24, 1821, representatives of the Spanish crown and Iturbide signed the Treaty of Córdoba, which recognized the Mexican Empire under the terms of the Plan of Iguala.

On September 27 the Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City, and the following day Iturbide proclaimed the independence of the Mexican Empire. The newly formed Mexican congress eventually declared Iturbide emperor of Mexico on May 19, 1822. Later that year, Iturbide dissolved Congress and replaced it with a sympathetic junta. However, on March 19, 1823 Iturbide abdicated.

The First Federal Republic was established on October 4, 1824. In the new constitution, the republic took the name of United Mexican States, and was defined as a representative federal republic, with Catholicism as the official and unique religion.[17] Guadalupe Victoria was the first President of Mexico from 1824 until 1829.

After Manuel Gómez Pedraza won the election to succeed Victoria, Vicente Guerrero staged a coup d'état and took the presidency on April 1, 1829.[18] Guerrero was deposed in a rebellion under Vice-president Anastasio Bustamante in December 1829.

Caribbean

Central America

South America

La Batalla de Carabobo by Martín Tovar y Tovar, depicting the Battle of Carabobo, in which Simón Bolívar secured Venezuela's independence from Spain in 1821

Gran Colombia

Bolivia

Peru

Brazil

Argentina–Brazil War

Uruguay

Argentina

Chile

  • February 6, 1820 – Lord Cochrane occupies Valdivia in the name of the Republic of Chile.
  • September 4, 1821 – Chilean general José Miguel Carrera is executed by an Argentinian military tribunal in the city of Mendoza.

Pacific Islands

Economics and commerce

  • 1821: High-quality cotton is introduced in Egypt.
  • 1822 – Ashley's Hundred leave from St. Louis, setting off a major increase in fur trade.
  • 1822 – Coffee is no longer banned in Sweden.
  • 1824 – The construction of Fort Vancouver trading post started on the North shore of the lower Columbia River by the Hudson's Bay Company. Inauguration occurred the following year when Fort George was closed.
  • August 18, 1825 – Gregor MacGregor issues a £300,000 loan with 2.5% interest through the London bank of Thomas Jenkins & Company. His actions lead to the Panic of 1825, the first modern stock market crash in London.

Slavery, serfdom and labor

Science and technology

1822: Babbage's Difference engine.
The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826

Transportation

Culture

Literature

  • 1824–1825: American Writers by John Neal, the earliest history of American literature, is published in Blackwood's Magazine[26]

Music

Art

Poetry

  • 1820: John Keats completes Ode on Melancholy, one in a series of his famous Odes.
  • 1820: John Clare 13 July 1793 - 20 May 1864 publishes Poems Descriptive of Rural life 1820
  • 1826: Felicia Hemans publishes Casabianca, a poem commemorating the sinking of a French ship called the Orient during The Battle of the Nile in 1798.

Sports

Theatre

Fashion

A millinery shop in Paris, 1822

During the 1820s in European and European-influenced countries, fashionable women's clothing styles transitioned away from the classically influenced "Empire"/"Regency" styles of ca. 1795–1820 (with their relatively unconfining empire silhouette) and re-adopted elements that had been characteristic of most of the 18th century (and were to be characteristic of the remainder of the 19th century), such as full skirts and clearly visible corseting of the natural waist.

The silhouette of men's fashion changed in similar ways: by the mid-1820s coats featured broad shoulders with puffed sleeves, a narrow waist, and full skirts. Trousers were worn for smart day wear, while breeches continued in use at court and in the country.

Miscellaneous

Establishments

Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps

  • November 20, 1820 After the sinking of the Essex (1799 whaleship) of Nantucket by a whale the survivors were left floating in three small whaleboats. They eventually resorted, by common consent, to cannibalism to allow some to survive.
  • 1820: Mount Rainier erupts over what is today Seattle.
  • February 6, 1822 – Chinese junk Tek Sing sinks in the South China Sea with the loss of around 1600 people on board.
  • May 26, 1822 – 116 people die in the Grue Church fire, the biggest fire disaster in Norway's history.
  • 1822 – An earthquake in Chile raises the coastal area.
  • July 15, 1823 – The Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome is almost completely destroyed by fire.
  • November 7, 1824 – In the worst flood to date in Saint Petersburg, water rises 421 cm above normal and 200 lose their lives.
  • October 7, 1825 – The Miramichi Fire breaks out in New Brunswick.
  • August, 1826 – The town of Crawford Notch suffers a landslide, killing nine people. Those killed include seven members of the Willey family, after whom Mount Willey is named.
  • 1828 – A typhoon kills approximately 10,000 people in Kyūshū, Japan.

Religion

People

Authors

Composers

Births

1820

William Sherman
Susan B. Anthony
Herbert Spencer
Florence Nightingale
Friedrich Engels
  • July 5 – William John Macquorn Rankine, Scottish physicist, engineer (d. 1872)
  • July 22 – Oliver Mowat, Canadian lawyer, politician (d. 1903)
  • July 23 – Julia Gardiner Tyler, First Lady of the United States (d. 1889)
  • July 25 – Henry Doulton, English potter (d. 1897)[45]
  • September 17
    • Émile Augier, French dramatist (d. 1889)[46]
    • Earl van Dorn, American Confederate general (d. 1863)
  • September 20 – John F. Reynolds, American general (d. 1863)
  • September 27 – Wilhelm Siegmund Teuffel, German classical scholar (d. 1878)
  • September 29 – Henri, Count of Chambord, claimant to the French throne (d. 1883)[47]
  • October 5 – David Wilber, American politician (d. 1890)
  • October 6 – Jenny Lind, Swedish soprano (d. 1887)[48]
  • October 16 – Gillis Bildt, 5th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1894)[49]
  • October 20 – Benjamin F. Cheatham, American Confederate general (d. 1886)
  • November 23
    • Isaac Todhunter, English mathematician (d. 1884)
    • Ludwig von Hagn, German painter (d. 1898)[50]
  • November 28 – Friedrich Engels, German social philosopher (d. 1895)[51]
  • December 21 – William H. Osborn, American railroad executive (d. 1894)
  • Song Qing, Chinese general (d. 1902)

1821

James Longstreet
  • January 1 – Francisco de Paula Milán Mexican officier of the Mexican Army (d. 1883)
  • January 2 – Catherine Huggins, British actor, singer, director and manager (d. 1887)
  • January 8
    • James Longstreet, American Confederate general (d. 1904)
    • W. H. L. Wallace, American Civil War general (d. 1862)
  • February 3 – Elizabeth Blackwell, first American female physician (d. 1910)
  • February 11 – Auguste Edouard Mariette, French Egyptologist (d. 1881)
  • February 17 – Lola Montez, Irish-Spanish dancer, royal mistress (d. 1861)
  • February 19
    • Francis Preston Blair Jr., American politician, American Civil War officer (d. 1875)
    • August Schleicher, German linguist (d. 1868)
  • March 1 – Joseph Hubert Reinkens, German Old Catholic bishop (d. 1896)
  • March 9 – John Watts de Peyster, American author, philanthropist, and soldier (d. 1907)
  • March 12 – Sir John Abbott, 3rd Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1893)
  • March 31 – Henry Dunning Macleod, Scottish economist (d. 1902)
  • April 1 – Princess Anka Obrenović, Serbian princess (d. 1868)
  • April 3 – Fr. Thomas Pelham Dale, English mystic (d. 1892)
  • April 9 – Charles Baudelaire, French poet, writer (d. 1867)[52]
  • April 12 – Beauchamp Seymour, British admiral (d. 1895)
  • May 6
    • Edmund Colhoun, American admiral (d. 1897)
    • Emilie Hammarskjöld, Swedish-American musician (d. 1854)
  • May 8 – William Henry Vanderbilt, American entrepreneur (d. 1885)
  • May 16 – Pafnuty Chebyshev, Russian mathematician (d. 1894)
  • May 17 – Sebastian Kneipp, German naturopath (d. 1897)
  • May 18 – Eduard von Pestel, Prussian military officer and German general (d. 1908)
  • May 24 – Juan Bautista Topete, Spanish admiral and politician (d. 1885)
  • June 2 – Ion C. Brătianu, 2-Time Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1891)
  • June 16 – Old Tom Morris, Scottish golfer (d. 1908)
  • June 26 – Bartolomé Mitre, Argentine statesman, military figure, and author, 6th President of Argentina (d. 1906)
Louis Vuitton
Rudolf Virchow
Fyodor Dostoyevsky
  • Giuseppe Bonavia, Maltese architect (d. 1885)
  • Mazhar Nanautawi, Indian freedom struggle activist (d. 1885)
  • Tirso Salaverría, military and politician (d.1901)

1822

Francis Galton
Ján Francisci-Rimavský
Gregor Mendel
Louis Pasteur

1823

Carl Wilhelm Siemens
Abdülmecid I
  • January 1 – Sándor Petőfi, Hungarian poet, revolutionary (d. 1849)
  • January 3 – Robert Whitehead, English engineer, inventor (d. 1905)
  • January 8 – Alfred Russel Wallace, British naturalist, biologist (d. 1913)
  • January 11 – Pierre Philippe Denfert-Rochereau, French military officer and politician (d. 1878)
  • January 27 – Édouard Lalo, French composer (d. 1892)
  • February 15 – Li Hongzhang, Chinese politician, general and diplomat (d. 1901)
  • February 28
    • Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d. 1883)
    • Ernest Renan, French philosopher, philologist, historian and writer (d. 1892)
  • March 3 – John George Adair, Scots-Irish businessman and landowner; also known as "Black Jack" for his eviction of 244 people in 1861; financier of JA Ranch (d. 1885)
  • March 8 – Gyula Andrássy, 4th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1890)
  • March 14 – Théodore de Banville, French writer (d. 1891)
  • March 18 – Antoine Chanzy, French general and colonial governor (d. 1883)
  • April 1 – Simon Bolivar Buckner, American soldier, politician and Confederate soldier (d. 1914)
  • April 3 – William M. Tweed, American political boss (d. 1878)
  • April 4 – Carl Wilhelm Siemens, German engineer (d. 1883)
  • April 24 – Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, 27th President of Mexico (d. 1889)
  • April 25 – Abdülmecid I, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1861)
  • May 2 – Emma Hardinge Britten (b. Emma Floyd), English-born spiritualist (d. 1899)
  • May 9 – Sir Frederick Weld, 6th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1891)
  • May 15
    • Thomas Lake Harris, American poet (d. 1906)
    • Youssef Bey Karam, Lebanese nationalist leader (d. 1889)[56]
  • May 17 – Henry Eckford, British horticulturist (d. 1905)
  • May 22 – Solomon Bundy, American politician (d. 1889)
  • May 26 – William Pryor Letchworth, American businessman, philanthropist, founder of Letchworth State Park, New York
  • July 6 – Sophie Adlersparre, Swedish feminist (d. 1895)
  • June 21 – Jean Chacornac, French astronomer (d. 1873)
Max Müller
Mackenzie Bowell
  • July 9 (date uncertain) – Phineas Gage, improbable American head injury survivor (d. 1860)
  • July 18
    • Félix du Temple de la Croix, French Army Captain, aviation pioneer (d. 1890)
    • Leonard Fulton Ross, American Civil War general (d. 1901)
  • July 23 – Coventry Patmore, English poet (d. 1896)
  • August 3 – Thomas Francis Meagher, American Civil War general (d. 1867)
  • August 4 – Oliver P. Morton, American politician (d. 1877)
  • August 5 – Eliza Tibbets, mother of the California orange industry (d. 1898)
  • August 10
    • Hugh Stowell Brown, Manx preacher (d. 1886)
    • Charles Keene, English artist, illustrator (d. 1891)
  • August 11 – Charlotte Mary Yonge, English author (d. 1901)
  • August 13 – Goldwin Smith, English historian (d. 1910)
  • August 14 – Karel Miry, Belgian composer (d. 1889)
  • August 15 – Orris S. Ferry, American Civil War general and politician (d. 1875)
  • August 23 – Nil Izvorov, Bulgarian Orthodox priest and venerable (d. 1905)
  • September 16 – Ludwik Teichmann, Polish anatomist (d. 1895)
  • September 28 – Alexandre Cabanel, French painter (d. 1889)
  • November 1 – Lascăr Catargiu, 4-time prime minister of Romania (d. 1899)
  • November 8 – Joseph Monier, French inventor (d. 1906)
  • November 16 – Henry G. Davis, American politician (d. 1916)
  • November 18 – Charles H. Bell, American politician (d. 1893)
  • November 21 – Andrzej Jerzy Mniszech, Polish painter (d. 1905)
  • November 25 – Henry Wirz, Swiss-born American Confederate military officer, prisoner-of-war camp commander (d. 1865)
  • December 6 – Friedrich Max Müller, German-born Orientalist (d. 1900)
  • December 9 – Rosalie Olivecrona, Swedish women's rights activist (d. 1898)
  • December 13 – Ferdinand Büchner, German composer (d. 1906)
  • December 22 – Thomas Wentworth Higginson, American Unitarian minister, abolitionist (d. 1911)
  • December 27 – Sir Mackenzie Bowell, 5th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1917)
  • Manolache Costache Epureanu, 2-time prime minister of Romania (d. 1880)
  • Julian Gutowski, Polish politician (d. 1890)

1824

Bedřich Smetana
Amasa Leland Stanford
Gustav Kirchhoff
Ednah Dow Littlehale Cheney
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
Edward Cooper
George MacDonald
  • July 1 – Casto Méndez Núñez, Spanish admiral (d. 1869)
  • July 12 – Eugène Boudin, French painter (d. 1898)
  • July 19 – Horace W. Carpentier, American politician, 1st governor of Oakland, California (d. 1918)
  • July 21 – Stanley Matthews, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1889)
  • July 27 – Alexandre Dumas, fils, French writer (d. 1895)
  • August 3 – William Burnham Woods, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1887)
  • August 7 – Gideon T. Stewart, American temperance movement leader (d. 1907)
  • August 13 – John J. Robison, American politician in Michigan (d. 1897)[58]
  • August 26 – Marie Simon, German nurse (d. 1877)[59]
  • September 4
    • Anton Bruckner, Austrian composer (d. 1896)
    • Phoebe Cary, American poet, sister to Alice Cary (1820–1871) (d. 1871)
  • September 27 – Benjamin Apthorp Gould, American astronomer (d. 1896)
  • October 2 – Henry C. Lord, American railroad executive (d. 1884)
  • October 5 – Henry Chadwick, English-born American baseball writer, historian (d. 1908)
  • October 18 – Juan Valera y Alcalá-Galiano, Spanish author (d. 1905)
  • October 26 – Edward Cooper, 83rd Mayor of New York City (d. 1905)
  • October 27 – Edward Maitland, British writer (d. 1897)
  • November 20 – Sydenham E. Ancona, American educator, politician and member of the United States House of Representatives from 1861 to 1867 (d. 1913)
  • November 24 – Frederick Miller, German-born American brewer, businessman (d. 1888)
  • December 10 – George MacDonald, Scottish writer (d. 1905)
  • December 11 – Jonathan Letterman, American surgeon, "Father of Battlefield Medicine" (d. 1872)
  • December 14 – Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, French painter (d. 1898)
  • December 18 – Sir John Hall, 12th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1907)
  • December 27 – Charlotta Norberg, Swedish ballerina (d. 1892)

1825

Thomas Henry Huxley
  • January 11 – Clement V. Rogers, Cherokee politician, father of Will Rogers (d. 1911)
  • January 25 – George Pickett, American Confederate general (d. 1876)
  • January 31 – Miska Magyarics, Slovene poet in Hungary (d. 1883)
  • February 8 – Henri Giffard, French engineer, pioneer in airship technology (d. 1882)
  • February 10 – Geoffrey Hornby, British admiral (d. 1895)
  • March 13 – Hans Gude, Norwegian romanticist landscape painter (d. 1903)[60]
  • March 16 – Camilo Castelo Branco, Portuguese writer (d. 1890)
  • March 21 – Alexander Mozhaysky, Russian aeronautical pioneer (d. 1890)
  • March 22 – Jane Sym, second wife of Canada's second prime minister (d. 1893)
  • April 11 – Ferdinand Lassalle, Prussian-German philosopher, socialist and politician (d. 1864)
  • April 24 – Robert Michael Ballantyne, Scottish novelist (d. 1894)
  • May 4 – Thomas Henry Huxley, English biologist (d. 1895)
  • May 8 – George Bruce Malleson, English officer, author (d. 1898)
  • May 9 – George Davidson, English-born geodesist, astronomer, geographer, surveyor, and engineer in the United States (d. 1911)
  • June 3 – Sophie Sager, Swedish women's rights activist (d. 1902)
Paul Kruger
Pedro II of Brazil
Mariano Prado
  • July 2 – Émile Ollivier, French statesman (d. 1913)
  • July 19 – George H. Pendleton, American politician (d. 1889)
  • July 21 – Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, Spanish politician, eight-time prime minister of Spain (d. 1903)
  • August 31 – Robert Dunsmuir, Scottish industrialist, politician (d. 1889)
  • September 4 – Dadabhai Naoroji, Indian politician (d. 1917)
  • September 11 – Eduard Hanslick, Austrian music critic (d. 1904)
  • September 13 – William Henry Rinehart, American sculptor (d. 1874)
  • September 17 – Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1893)
  • September 25 – Joachim Heer, Swiss politician (d. 1879)
  • October 8 – Paschal Beverly Randolph, American occultist (d. 1875)
  • October 10 – Paul Kruger, Boer resistance leader (d. 1904)
  • October 11 – Maria Firmina dos Reis, Brazilian abolitionist and author (d. 1917)
  • October 13 – Charles Frederick Worth, English-born fashion designer, father of haute couture (d. 1895)
  • October 25
  • November 9 – A. P. Hill, American Confederate general (d. 1865)
  • November 29 – Jean-Martin Charcot, French physician, neurologist (d. 1893)
  • November 30 – William-Adolphe Bouguereau, French painter and educator (d. 1905)
  • December 2 – Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil (d. 1891)
  • December 18 – Mariano Ignacio Prado, Peruvian general and statesman, twice President of Peru (d. 1901)[61]
  • December 30 – Samuel Newitt Wood, American politician (d. 1891)
  • December 31 – Elizabeth Martha Olmsted, American poet (d. 1910)
  • Sher Ali Khan, ruler of Afghanistan (d. 1879)
  • Juan Williams Rebolledo, Chilean admiral and politician (d. 1910)

1826

Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin
Charles XV of Sweden
August Ahlqvist
Bernhard Riemann
Carlo Collodi
  • Cetshwayo kaMpande, Zulu king (d. 1884)
  • Ellen Morton Littlejohn, American quilter (d. 1899)

1827

Joseph Lister
Ramón Emeterio Betances
  • January 7 – Sir Sandford Fleming, Scottish-Canadian engineer, inventor (d. 1915)
  • January 10 – Amanda Cajander, Finnish medical reformer (d. 1871)[66]
  • January 28 – Jean Antoine Villemin, French physician (d. 1892)
  • February 17 – Elisabeth Blomqvist, Swedish-Finnish educator, feminist (d. 1901)
  • March 7 – John Hall Gladstone, English chemist (d. 1902)
  • March 8 – Wilhelm Bleek, German linguist (d. 1875)
  • March 25 – Stephen Luce, American admiral (d. 1917)
  • April 2 – William Holman Hunt, British Pre-Raphaelite painter (d. 1910)
  • April 5 – Joseph Lister, English surgeon, medical pioneer (d. 1912)
  • April 8 – Ramón Emeterio Betances, Puerto Rican politician, medical doctor and diplomat (d. 1898)
  • May 11 – Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, French sculptor, painter (d. 1875)
  • May 19 – Paul-Armand Challemel-Lacour, French statesman (d. 1896)
  • May 21 – William P. Sprague, American politician from Ohio (d. 1899)
  • May 27 – Samuel F. Miller, American politician (d. 1892)
  • May 31 – Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford, British general (d. 1905)
  • June 11 – Natalie Zahle, Danish educator, women's rights activist (d. 1913)
  • June 12 – Johanna Spyri, Swiss author (d. 1901)
  • June 13 – Alberto Henschel, German-Brazilian photographer, businessman (d. 1882)
  • June 24 – Louis Brière de l'Isle, French general (d. 1897)
  • June 26 – Amédée Courbet, French admiral (d. 1885)
Francisco Solano López
Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna of Russia
Ellen G. White
  • Wazir Beg, Indian Semitic scholar and Presbyterian minister (d. 1885)

1828

Jules Verne
Jean Henri Dunant
Leo Tolstoy
  • July 9 – Luigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano, Italian Catholic churchman (d. 1913)
  • July 23 – Sir Jonathan Hutchinson, English physician (d. 1913)
  • July 28 – Iosif Gurko, Russian field marshal (d. 1901)
  • July 31 – Ignacio de Veintemilla, 11th President of Ecuador (d. 1908)
  • August 6 – Andrew Taylor Still, American father of osteopathy (d. 1917)
  • August 17 – Maria Deraismes, French feminist (d. 1894)
  • August 28 – William A. Hammond, American military physician, neurologist and 11th Surgeon General of the United States Army (1862–1864) (d. 1900)
  • September 1 – Anthony Hoskins, British admiral (d. 1901)
  • September 8
    • Joshua Chamberlain, Governor of Maine, President of Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine (d. 1914)
    • Clarence Cook, American art critic, writer (d. 1900)
  • September 9 (O.S.)/August 28 (N.S.) – Leo Tolstoy, Russian writer (d. 1910)
  • October 2 – Charles Floquet, Prime Minister of France (d. 1896)
  • October 20 – Horatio Spafford, American author of the hymn It Is Well with My Soul (d. 1888)
  • October 31 – Sir Joseph Swan, English physicist, chemist (d. 1914)
  • November 17 – Milton Wright, American bishop, father of aviation pioneers the Wright brothers (d. 1917)
  • November 19 – Rani Lakshmibai, queen of the Maratha-ruled princely Indian state of Jhansi (d. 1858)
  • November 24 – Henry Lomb, German-American optician, co-founder of Bausch & Lomb (d. 1908)
  • November 26 – René Goblet, Prime Minister of France (d. 1905)
  • December 8 – Clinton B. Fisk, American temperance movement leader (d. 1890)
  • William Robert Woodman, British co-founder of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (d. 1891)
  • Ely S. Parker, Seneca lieutenant colonel and first Native Commissioner of Indian Affairs

1829

King Oscar II of Sweden
  • January 1 – Tommaso Salvini, Italian actor (d. 1915)
  • January 3 – Konrad Duden, German philologist (d. 1911)
  • January 10 – Epameinondas Deligeorgis, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1879)
  • January 17 – Catherine Booth, English Mother of The Salvation Army (d. 1890)
  • January 21 – King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway (d. 1907)
  • January 27 – Isaac Roberts, Welsh astronomer (d. 1904)
  • February 2
    • Alfred Brehm, German zoologist (d. 1884)
    • William Stanley, British inventor, engineer (d. 1909)
  • February 22 – Princess Sumiko, Japanese princess (d. 1881)
  • February 26 – Levi Strauss, American clothing designer (d. 1902)
  • March 2 – Carl Schurz, German revolutionary, American statesman (d. 1906)
  • March 14 – Pierre-Hector Coullié, Cardinal-Archbishop of Lyon (d. 1912)
  • March 16 – George M. Robeson, American politician (d. 1897)
  • March 19 – Carl Frederik Tietgen, Danish financier, industrialist (d. 1901)
  • April 6 – Anna Haslam, Irish women's rights activist, suffragist (d. 1922)
  • April 10 – William Booth, British founder of The Salvation Army (d. 1912)
  • May 8 – Louis Moreau Gottschalk, American composer, pianist (d. 1869)
  • June 4 – Allan Octavian Hume, British civil servant (d. 1912)
  • June 5 – George Stephen, 1st Baron Mount Stephen, Scottish-Canadian businessman, philanthropist (d. 1921)
  • June 6 – Shusaku Honinbo, Japanese Go player (d. 1862)
  • June 8 – Sir John Everett Millais, British Pre-Raphaelite painter (d. 1896)
  • June 14 – Bernard Petitjean, French Catholic missionary to Japan (d. 1884)
  • June 16 – Geronimo, indigenous American (Apache) leader (d. 1909)
Adolf Eugen Fick
August Kekulé

Deaths

1820

King George III
Jiaqing Emperor

1821

Napoleon Bonaparte
John William Polidori
  • July 4 – Richard Cosway, English artist (b. 1742)
  • July 14 – Pedro Juan Caballero, Paraguayan captain (b. 1786) (suicide)
  • July 17 – Fulgencio Yegros, Paraguayan general and politician (b. 1780)
  • August 7 – Caroline of Brunswick, Queen of the United Kingdom (b. 1768)
  • August 20 – Dorothea von Medem, Latvian diploma, duchess of Courland (b. 1761)
  • August 24 – John William Polidori, English physician, writer (b. 1795) (suicide)[83]
  • September 4 – José Miguel Carrera, Chilean general, founding father (b. 1785)
  • September 10 – Johann Dominicus Fiorillo, German painter, art historian (b. 1748)
  • September 14 – Heinrich Kuhl, German naturalist, zoologist (b. 1797)
  • October 4 – Marie-Louise Lachapelle, French obstetrician (b. 1769)
  • October 6 – Anders Jahan Retzius, Swedish chemist, botanist (b. 1742)
  • October 8 – Juan O'Donojú, viceroy of New Spain (b. 1762)
  • October 11 – John Ross Key, American judge, lawyer, father of songwriter Francis Scott Key (b. 1754)
  • October 21 – Dorothea Ackermann, German actress (b. 1752)
  • November 8 – Jean Rapp, French general (b. 1771)
  • December 4 – John Henniker-Major, 2nd Baron Henniker, British politician (b. 1752)
  • December 7 – King Pōmare II of Tahiti (b. 1782)
  • December 12 – Phoebe Hessel, British female soldier (b. 1713)

1822

Duke of Richelieu.
  • January 10 – Bathilde d'Orléans, French princess (b. 1750)
  • January 16 – Elisabeth Berenberg, German banker (b. 1749)
  • January 21 – Marie Aimée Lullin, Swiss entomologist (b. 1751)
  • January 24 – Ali Pasha of Yanina, ruler of European Turkey (b. 1741)
  • February 10 – Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen (b. 1738)
  • February 20 – John "Walking" Stewart, English traveller, philosopher (b. 1747)
  • February 24 – Thomas Coutts, British banker (b. 1735)
  • February 27 – John Borlase Warren, British admiral (b. 1753)
  • March 1 – Jack Jouett, American politician (b. 1754)
  • March 16 – Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Campan, French educator, lady in waiting (b. 1752)
  • March 19 – Valentin Haüy, French educator, founder of the first school for the blind (b. 1745)
  • April 14 – Edmund Butcher, English Unitarian minister (b. 1757)
  • April 20 – Allegra Byron, illegitimate daughter of Lord Byron (b. 1817)
  • May 8 – John Stark, American Revolutionary War general (b. 1728)
  • May 17 – Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu, Prime Minister of France (b. 1766)
  • May 27 – Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (b. 1772)
  • June 3
    • Thomas Bulkeley, 7th Viscount Bulkeley, English aristocrat and politician (b. 1752)
    • René Just Haüy, French "father of modern crystallography" (b. 1743)
  • June 15 – Horatio Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford (b. 1752)
  • June 25 – E. T. A. Hoffmann, German Romantic author (b. 1776)
Percy Bysshe Shelley
Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh
William Herschel
  • Manuela Medina, Mexican national heroine (died of wounds) (b. 1780)

1823

Edward Jenner
Louis-Nicolas Davout
  • January 21
    • Gideon Olin, American politician (b. 1743)
    • Cayetano José Rodríguez, Argentine representative to the Congress of Tucumán
  • January 22 – John Julius Angerstein, Russian-born English merchant, insurer and art collector (b. 1735)
  • January 26 – Edward Jenner, English physician, medical researcher (b. 1749)
  • January 27 – Charles Hutton, English mathematician (b. 1737)
  • January 28 – Return J. Meigs Sr., American colonel (b. 1740)
  • February 9 – Agnes Ibbetson, English plant physiologist (b. 1757)
  • February 7 – Ann Radcliffe, English writer (b. 1764)
  • February 21 – Charles Wolfe, Irish poet (b. 1791)
  • March 1 – Pierre-Jean Garat, French Basque opera singer (b. 1764)
  • March 5 – Magdalena Rudenschöld, Swedish conspirator (b. 1766)
  • March 14
    • Charles François Dumouriez, French general (b. 1739)
    • John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent, British Royal Navy admiral (b. 1735)
  • March 18
    • Jean-Baptiste Bréval, French cellist (b. 1753)
    • Henry Brockholst Livingston, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1757)
  • March 19 – Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski, Polish aristocrat and patron of the arts (b. 1734)
  • April 18 – George Cabot, American politician (b. 1752)
  • June 1 – Louis-Nicolas Davout, French marshal (b. 1770)
  • June 19 – William Combe, English writer, poet and adventurer (b. 1742)
Giovanni Battista Belzoni
Gregorio José Ramírez
  • July 4 – Estcourt Cresswell, English politician (b. 1823)[84]
  • July 8 – Sir Henry Raeburn, Scottish painter (b. 1756)[85]
  • August 1 – Francis Napier, 8th Lord Napier of Great Britain (b. 1758)
  • August 7 – Mátyás Laáb, Croatian writer, translator (b. 1746)
  • August 18 – John Treadwell, the fourth Governor of Connecticut (b. 1745)
  • August 20 – Pope Pius VII, Italian Benedictine (b. 1742)
  • August 22 – Lazare Carnot, French general, politician and mathematician (b. 1753)
  • August 30 – Pierre Prévost, French panorama painter (b. 1764)
  • September 11 – David Ricardo, English economist (b. 1772)
  • September 17 – Abraham-Louis Breguet, Swiss horologist, inventor (b. 1747)
  • September 23 – Matthew Baillie, Scottish physician, pathologist (b. 1761)
  • September 28 – Charlotte Melmoth, English-born American actress (b. 1749)
  • November 9 – Vasily Kapnist, Ukrainian-Russian poet, dramatist (b. 1758)
  • November 11 – Richard Richards, British judge and politician (b. 1752)
  • December 3 – Giovanni Battista Belzoni, Italian explorer, pioneer archaeologist of Egypt (b. 1778)
  • December 4 – Gregorio José Ramírez, Costa Rican politician, merchant and marine (b. 1796)

1824

Théodore Géricault
  • January 16 – Fabian Wrede, Swedish field marshal (b. 1760)
  • January 21 – Jean-Baptiste Drouet, French revolutionary (b. 1765)
  • January 26 – Théodore Géricault, French painter (b. 1791)
  • January 29 – Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern, wife of Charles Edward Stuart (b. 1752)
  • February 9 – Anne Catherine Emmerich, German Augustinian Canoness, mystic, Marian visionary, ecstatic and stigmatist (b. 1774)
  • February 21 – Eugène de Beauharnais, son of Joséphine de Beauharnais (b. 1781)
  • April 3 – Sally Seymour, American pastry chef and restaurateur
  • April 19 – George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, English poet (b. 1788)
  • May 15 – Johann Philipp Stadion, Count von Warthausen, German statesman (b. 1763)
  • May 26 – Capel Lofft, English writer (b. 1751)
  • May 29 – Jean-Baptiste Willermoz, French Freemason (b. 1730)
  • June 16 – Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance, Third Consul of France (b. 1739)
  • June 18 – Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1769)
  • June 21 – Étienne Aignan, French writer (b. 1773)
Louis XVIII
  • July 14 – Kamehameha II, King of Hawaii (b. 1797)
  • July 19
    • Agustín de Iturbide, Emperor of Mexico (b. 1783)
    • Alexander Pearce, Irish-born criminal transportee to Van Diemen's Land and cannibal, executed (b. 1790)
  • July 20 – Maine de Biran, French philosopher (b. 1766)
  • July 21 – Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II), King of Siam (Thailand) (b. 1767)
  • August 12 – Charles Nerinckx, Belgian-born founder of the Sisters of Loretto (b. 1761)
  • August 24 – Valentine Quin, 1st Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl, Irish politician (b. 1752)
  • September 16 – King Louis XVIII of France (b. 1755)
  • October 13 – Sir James Lamb, 1st Baronet of England (b. 1752)
  • October 30 – Charles Maturin, Irish writer (b. 1773)
  • December 5 – Anne Louise Boyvin d'Hardancourt Brillon de Jouy, French confidant of Benjamin Franklin (b. 1744)
  • December 21 – James Parkinson, English surgeon, apothecary, geologist, palaeontologist and political activist (b. 1755)
  • December 23 – Pushmataha, chief of the Choctaw Nation (b. c. 1764)
  • Ali-Qoli Khan Qajar, half-brother of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, the founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran (b. c. 1756)

1825

Antonio Salieri
Eleanor Anne Porden
Alexander I of Russia
José Bernardo de Tagle
  • July 12 – Dorothea von Rodde-Schlözer, German scholar (b. 1770)
  • July 15 – David Ochterlony, Massachusetts-born general with the East India Company (b. 1758)
  • August 3 – Ambrogio Minoja, Italian composer, professor of music (b. 1752)
  • August 16 – Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, American politician, soldier (b. 1746)
  • August 20 – William Waldegrave, 1st Baron Radstock, British admiral, Governor of Newfoundland (b. 1753)
  • September 4 – Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle (b. 1748)
  • September 26 – José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero, Marquis of Torre Tagle, Peruvian soldier and politician, 2nd President of Peru (b. 1779)[86]
  • October 6 – Bernard Germain de Lacépède, French naturalist (b. 1756)
  • October 9 – Lucia Pytter, Norwegian philanthropist (b. 1762)
  • October 13 – King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria (b. 1756)
  • November 7 – Charlotte Dacre, English Gothic novelist (b. c. 1772)
  • November 14 – Jean Paul, German writer (b. 1763)
  • December 1 – Emperor Alexander I of Russia (November 19 on the Russian calendar) b. 1777)
  • December 28 – James Wilkinson, American soldier, statesman (b. 1757)
  • December 29 – Jacques-Louis David, French painter (b. 1748)
  • Armand-Marie-Jacques de Chastenet, Marquis of Puységur, French mesmerist (b. 1751)
  • Huang Peilie, Chinese bibliophile (b. 1763)[87]
  • Maria Angela Ardinghelli, Italian scientific translator (b. 1730)

1826

Carl Maria von Weber
Joseph von Fraunhofer

1827

Ludwig van Beethoven
Alessandro Volta
Augustin-Jean Fresnel

1828

Francisco Goya
  • January 10 – François de Neufchâteau, French politician, intellectual (b. 1750)
  • January 13 – Theodore Foster, American politician (b. 1752)
  • February 11 – DeWitt Clinton, 6th Governor of New York, United States Senator (b. 1769)
  • March 12 – Jack Randall, early English boxing champion
  • April 16 – Francisco Goya, Spanish painter (b. 1746)
  • May 8 – Mauro Giuliani, Italian composer (b. 1781)
  • May 16 – William Congreve, British rocket pioneer (b. 1772)
  • May 28 – Daikokuya Kōdayū, Japanese castaway (b. 1751)
  • June 1 – Lyncoya Jackson, second adopted son of American President Andrew Jackson (b. c. 1811)
  • June 21 – Leandro Fernández de Moratín, Spanish dramatist, poet (b. 1760)
  • June 25 – Richard W. Meade, American merchant and art collector (b. 1762)
Franz Schubert
William Hyde Wollaston

1829 * January 6 – Amalia Holst, German writer, intellectual, and feminist (b. 1758)

  • January 12 – Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel, German poet, philosopher, and philologist (b. 1772)
  • January 25 – William Shield, English violinist, composer (b. 1748)
  • January 29
    • Paul Barras, French politician (b. 1755)
    • István Pauli (Pável) Hungarian Slovene priest, writer (b. 1760)
    • Timothy Pickering, American politician (b. 1745)
  • February 10 – Pope Leo XII (b. 1760)
  • February 11 – Alexander Griboyedov, Russian playwright, diplomat (b. 1795)
  • February 17 – Michel Ange Bernard Mangourit, French diplomat (b. 1752)
  • February 21 – Kittur Chennamma, Indian queen regnant (b. 1778)
  • February 26 – Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein, German painter (b. 1751)
  • March 2 – Karl Gottfried Hagen, German chemist (b. 1749)
  • March 5 – John Adams, last surviving Bounty mutineer (b. 1767)
  • March 8 – Francesco Ruspoli, 3rd Prince of Cerveteri (b. 1752)
  • March 30 – Christopher Frederik Lowzow, Danish-Norwegian army officer (b. 1752)
  • April 6 – Niels Henrik Abel, Norwegian mathematician (b. 1802)
  • April 18 – Veronika Gut, Swiss rebel heroine (b. 1757)
  • May 10 – Thomas Young, English physician, linguist (b. 1773)
  • May 17 – John Jay, first Chief Justice of the United States (b. 1745)
  • May 21 – Peter I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg (b. 1755)
Humphry Davy
  • May 29 – Humphry Davy, British chemist (b. 1778)
  • May 30 – Louis Aloysius, Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Bartenstein (b. 1765)
  • June 6 – Shanawdithit, last known pure-blooded member of the Beothuk people (b. c. 1801)
  • June 15 – Therese Huber, German writer and scholar (b. 1764)
  • June 27 – James Smithson, British mineralogist, chemist, whose fortune eventually went to the United States of America, and was used to initially fund the Smithsonian Institution (b. 1764)
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
  • July 11 – Hannah Mather Crocker, American essayist, advocate of women's rights in America (b. 1752)
  • July 23 – Wojciech Bogusławski, actor and director, Father of Polish Theatre (b. 1757)
  • August 7 – John Reeves, British judge (b. 1752)
  • September 28 – David Gillespie, American surveyor and politician (b. 1774)
  • October 10 – Maria Elizabetha Jacson, British botanist (b. 1755)
  • October 29 – Maria Anna Mozart ("Nannerl"), Austrian musician and composer, sister of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (b. 1751)
  • November 12 – Jean-Baptiste Regnault, French painter (b. 1754)
  • November 14
    • Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa, Duchess of Massa and Princess of Carrara (b. 1750)
    • Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, French chemist, discoverer of beryllium and chromium (b. 1763)
  • November 26 – Bushrod Washington, American Supreme Court justice (b. 1762)
  • December 12 – John Lansing Jr., American statesman (disappeared) (b. 1754)
  • December 28
    • Elizabeth Freeman, African American slave
    • Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, French scientist (b. 1744)
    • Bill Richmond, British boxer (b. 1763)
  • December 29 – Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg (b. 1797) (scarlet fever)
  • Huang Lü, Chinese scientist

References

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  2. ^ "Siam, Cambodia, and Laos 1800-1950 by Sanderson Beck". www.san.beck.org.
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  8. ^ a b c d e Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
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  10. ^ Woodhouse, A Story of Modern Greece, 'The Dark Age of Greece (1453–1800)', p. 113, Faber and Faber (1968)
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